Mathematics in the

Modern World
MATHEMATICAL
LANGUAGE
AND SYMBOLS
Topic 2 – Mathematical Language and Symbols
Sub Topics:
1. Characteristics of Mathematical Language.
2. Conventions in the Mathematical Language: Expression versus
Sentence.
3. Four Basic Concepts (Sets, Relations, Functions, and Binary
Operations).
4. Elementary Logic (Connectives, Quantifiers, Negations and
Variables).
Lesson objectives

After the end of the lesson, students will be able to

5. Identify and discuss the four basic concepts in mathematical
language.
6. List and discuss some basic operations on logic and logical
formalities.
7. Perform operations on mathematical expressions correctly.
Elementary Logic
What is Logic?
Definition of Logic
It is the science or study of correct processes of
thinking or reasoning.
It came from the Greek word “Logos” which has
English translation “word, discourse, reason”.
Logic primarily deals with the principles that govern
the validity of argument.
Historical Note on Logic
Mathematicians who makes serious study of symbolic logic
● Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716).
Leibniz tried to advance the study of logic from a
merely philosophical subject to a formal mathematical
subject.
● Augustus De Morgan (1806-1871)
He contributed to the advancement of symbolic logic as
a mathematical discipline.
Historical Note on Logic

Mathematicians who makes serious study of symbolic logic

● George Boole (1815-1864)
He published the books “The Mathematical Analysis of
Logic” in 1848 and “An Investigation of the Laws of
Thought”.
Some Uses of Logic

1. Lawyers and judges, use logic to communicate more

effectively, construct valid arguments, analyze legal contracts
and make decisions.
2. Law schools consider a knowledge of logic to be one of the
most important predictors of future success for their new
students.
3. Programmers use logic to design computer software.
Some Uses of Logic

4. Electrical engineers use logic to design circuits for

smartphones.
5. Mathematicians use logic to solve problems and construct
mathematical proofs.
Introduction to Logic
Mathematical
Statements
Mathematical Statements
What is a statement?

Definition of a Statement
Statement is a declarative sentence that is either true or false,
but NOT both true and false.
● Every statement has a truth value of either true or false but
NOT both.
What is a statement?
Examples of statements
1. Florida is a state in the United States.
2. 9⁹ + 2 is a prime number.
3. 0 is an even number.
The following are not statement.
1. Is the test today? 3. What a beautiful day!
2. Go get the newspaper.
Negation
What is negation of a statement?

Definition of Negation of a Statement

It is a statement that denies the truth value of a given
statement.
● It is denoted by. ¬/~
● The negation of a false statement is a true statement and the
negation of a true statement is a false statement.
Illustrations:
Give the negation of the following statements.
1. Florida is a state in the United States.

Answer: Florida is not a state in the United States.

2. The dog does not need to be fed.

Answer: The dog needs to be fed.

3. 0 is an even number.

Answer: 0 is not an even number

Quantifiers and
Negation
What is a quantified statement?

Definition of a Quantified Statement

It is a statement that starts with the word “None”, “No”,
“All”, “Every” or “Some” and phrase “There exists” or “At least
one”.
What is universal quantifiers?
Definition of a Universal Quantifier
In a statement, the words none, no, all, and every are called
universal quantifiers.
● The universal quantifiers none and no deny the existence of
something.
● The universal quantifiers all and every are used to assert that
every element of a given set satisfies some condition.
What is existential quantifiers?

Definition of a Existential Quantifier

In a statement, the word some and the phrase there exists
and at least one are called existential quantifiers.
● Existential quantifiers are used as prefixes to assert the
existence of something.
How to get the negation of a quantified statement?

The table below illustrates how to write the negation of some

quantified statements.

Given Quantified Statement Negation of the Quantified Statement

All X are Y. Some X are not Y.

No X are Y. Some X are Y.

Some X are not Y. All X are Y.

Some X are Y. No X are Y.

 Simple
and Compound
Statements
Illustrations:
Give the negation of the following quantified statements.
1. Some airports are open.

Answer: No airports are

open.
2. All bears are brown.

Answer: Some bears are not

brown.
3. No smartphones are expensive.

Answer: Some smartphones are expensive.

Simple and Compound Statements
What are simple and compound statements?

A simple statement is a statement that conveys a single idea

while a compound statement is a statement that conveys two or
more ideas.
George Boole used symbols such as p, q, r and s to
represent simple statements.
 Connecting simple statements with words and phrases such
as and, or, if … then and if and only if creates a compound
statement.
Illustration:
Consider the compound statement
“I will attend the meeting or I will go to school.”
It is composed of the two simple statements, “I will attend the
meeting.” and “I will go to school.” The word or is a connective
for the two simple statements.
 George Boole used symbols ⋀, ⋁, → and ↔ to represent
connectives.
Translating
Compound
Statements
Illustrations:
Given the ff. simple statements. p: Today is Friday. q: It is raining.
r: I am going to a movie. s: I am going to the basketball
game.
Express the following compound statements in symbolic form.
Answer: p ⋀ q
1. Today is Friday and it is raining. Answer: ~ q ⋀
2. It is not raining and I am going to a movie. r
3. I am going to theAnswer:
basketball
s ⋁game
r or I am going to a movie.

4. If it is raining, then I am not

Answer: q→ going
~ s to the basketball game.
What is translating compound statements?

It is the process of expressing a compound statements into

symbolic form or vice versa.

Kinds of Translating Compound Statements

1. Compound statement into symbolic form.
2. Symbolic statement into words.
Illustrations:
Given the ff. simple statements.
p : Kesha’s singing style is similar to Uffie’s.
q: Kesha has messy hair.
r : Kesha is a rapper.
Express the compound statement “If Kesha is not a rapper, then Kesha
does not have messy hair and Kesha’s singing style is not similar to
Uffie’s.” in symbolic form.
Answer: ~ r →( ~q ⋀~
p)
Illustrations:
Given the ff. simple statements.
p : You get a promotion.
q: You complete the training.
r : You will receive a bonus.
Express the compound statement “If you do not complete the training,
then you will not get a promotion and you will not receive a bonus.”
in symbolic form.
Answer: ~ q →( ~p ⋀~
r)
Translating Compound Statements
Illustrations:
Given the ff. simple statements.
p: The game will be played in Atlanta. q : The game will be shown in
CBS.
r: The game will not be shown on ESPN. s: The Mets are favored to
win.
Express the following symbolic statements into words.
Answer:
1. q ⋀ p The game will be shown in CBS and the game will be
played in Atlanta.
Illustrations:
Given the ff. simple statements.
p: The game will be played in Atlanta. q : The game will be shown in
CBS.
r: The game will not be shown on ESPN. s: The Mets are favored to
win.
Express the following symbolic statements into words.
3.Answer:
s ↔ ~pThe Mets are favored to win if and only if the game will
not be played in Atlanta.
Illustrations:
Given the ff. simple statements.
p: The game will be played in Atlanta. q : The game will be shown in
CBS.
r: The game will not be shown on ESPN. s: The Mets are favored to
win.
Express the following symbolic statements into words.
2.Answer:
~r ⋀ s The game will be shown on ESPN and the Mets are
favored to win.
Illustrations:
Given the ff. simple statements.
p : You get a promotion.
q: You complete the training.
r : You will receive a bonus.

Express the symbolic statements ( p ⋀ q)→r into words.

Answer: If you get a promotion and complete the training, then

you will receive a bonus.
Illustrations:
Given the ff. simple statements.
p : Kesha’s singing style is similar to Uffie’s.
q: Kesha has messy hair.
r : Kesha is a rapper.

Express the symbolic statements ( p ⋀ q)→r into words.

Answer: If Kesha’s singing style is similar to Uffie’s and Kesha

has messy hair, then Kesha is a rapper.
Constructing
Truth Table
Sets
Truth Value of Simple and Compound Statements

Every statement has a truth value of either true or false but

NOT both.
The truth value of a simple statement is either true or false.
The truth value of a compound statement depends on the
truth values of its simple statements and its connectives.
What is truth table?

A truth table is a table that shows the truth value of a

compound statement for all possible truth values of its simple
statements.
Truth Table for Negation

p ~p
T F

F T
 Truth Table for Conjunction
The conjunction p⋀q is true if and only if BOTH p and q are
TRUE.
p q p⋀ q

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
 Truth Table for Conditional
The conditional p→q is false if p is true and q is false. It is true in all other
cases.
p q p→q

T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Conditional Statement

It is also called single implication.

In the conditional statement p→q, p is called a premise or
hypothesis while statement q is called consequent or conclusion.
 Truth Table for Disjunction
The disjunction p⋁q is true if and only if p is true, q is true, or both p and q
are true.
p q p⋁ q
T T T
T F T

F T T
F F F
 Truth Table for Bi-Conditional
The bi-conditional p↔q is true only when p and q have the same truth value.

p q p↔q

T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Illustrations:
Determine whether each statement is true or false.
a. 7≥5 Answer: True
b. -3 ≤-7 Answer: False
c. 5 is a whole number and 5 is an even number. Answer: False
d. 2 is a prime number and 2 is an even number. Answer: True
Illustrations:
Determine whether each statement is true or false.
e. If x is an even integer, then x² is an even integer.Answer: True
f. If 4 > 3, then 7 = 8. Answer: False
g. A triangle is equilateral if and only if the triangle is equiangular.

Answer: True
Illustration:
Construct a table for ~( ~ p⋁q ) ⋁ q. What is the truth
value of ~( ~ p⋁q ) ⋁ q , given that p is true and q is
false?
Illustration:
What is the truth value of ~( ~ p⋁q ) ⋁ q , given that p is
true and q is false?

Answer: Given that p is true and q is false, the

truth value of ~( ~ p⋁q ) ⋁ q is TRUE.
Illustration:
What is the truth value of ~( ~ p⋁q ) ⋁ q , given that p is
true and q is true?

Answer: Given that p is true and q is true, the

truth value of ~( ~ p⋁q ) ⋁ q is TRUE.
Illustration:
What is the truth value of ~( ~ p⋁q ) ⋁ q , given that p is
false and q is false?

Answer: Given that p is false and q is false, the

truth value of ~( ~ p⋁q ) ⋁ q is FALSE.
Illustration:
What is the truth value of ~( ~ p⋁q ) ⋁ q , given that p is
false and q is true?

Answer: Given that p is false and q is true, the

truth value of ~( ~ p⋁q ) ⋁ q is TRUE.
Thank you!!!