Animal Amoebiasis

JIMMA UNIVERSITY
slide Jimma,Ethiopia
April, 2014
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www.ju.edu.et VET. medicine JUCAVM

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
 Amoebiasis is first identified by Hippocrates around 300
B.C. by describing a patient with
dysentery and
fever, is a gastrointestinal infection due to the amoeba,
Entamoeba histolytica.
 Finally, E. histolytica was identified from a stool sample
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in 1875 by Fredor Losch
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JUCAVM
OBJECTIVES
 The main objectives of this seminar is to review on

Public health significance of the Amoebiasis
Etiology
Epidemiology,
Clinical sign
pathogenesis of Amoebiasis
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Treatment and
prevention of
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JUCAVM
Etiology
 The genus Entamoeba contains many species, some of them are

Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba dispar
Entamoeba moshkovskii
Entamoeba polecki,
Entamoeba coli, and
Entamoeba hartmanni can reside in the human, nonhuman primates, and
occasionally canines of the intestinal lumen.
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 Among them E histolytica is the causative agent for Amoebiasis.
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Epidemiology
 Amoebiasis is the third leading parasitic cause of death.

 Approximately 10% of the world’s population is infected
specially in developing countries.
 previous study on amebiasis in Ethiopia, a high prevalence of
E. histolytica was found, while upon polymerase chain
reaction (PCR)-confirmation only E. dispar was shown.
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 In another study in Ethiopia on 108 stool samples, PCR was
positive for E. histolytica in one specimen and for E. dispar in
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HOST RANGE RESERVOIR
 Humans and
 other primates are the only known reservoirs.
 As well as dog and cat also infected.
 Those individuals with immunodeficiencies
(including AIDS) may suffer more.
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TRANSMISSION
 is through the ingestion of fecally contaminated food or drinks.

 sexual exposure (usually anal sex).
 Flies may also act as vectors.
 dogs and cats are not thought to contribute significantly to
transmission.
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LIFE CYCLE
 The lifecycle of Amebiasis is very simple,

with the human ingesting infective cysts.
In the human, the cysts become trophozoites and reproduce
asexually.
The trophozoites form cysts again and get passed in the feces,
where they are eventually ingested again.
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PATHOGENESIS OF Amoebiasis
Pathogenesis of amebiasis is believed to be a multi step,

multifactorial process.
 The aspects of pathogenesis can be broadly categorized into
mechanisms involving
♣ interactions with the intestinal flora,by b-N-acetyl-D-
glucosaminidase
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♣ lysis of target cell by direct adherence, by a galactose/N –
acetylgalactosamine (GAL/GalNAc)–specific lectin.
♣ lysis of target cell by release of toxins such as amebapores
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L ♣ phagocytosis of target cells by Cysteine proteinases
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cont…..
 Spread of amebiasis to the liver occurs via the portal
blood,pleura,lungs,brain and others.
 The pathogenic strains evade the complement-mediated lysis in
the bloodstream.
 Trophozoites that reach the liver create unique abscesses with
well-circumscribed regions of dead hepatocytes surrounded by
few inflammatory cells and trophozoites and unaffected
hepatocytes.
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Cont………
 The clinical forms of invasive intestinal amebiasis, all of which

are generally acute:
♣ Dysentery or bloody diarrhea,
♣ Vomiting ,
♣ Fulminating colitis,
♣ Anorexia,
♣ Amoebic appendicitis, and
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cont….
 The clinical manifestations of extraintestinal amebiasis are
♣ Pain usually increases with deep breathing,
♣ Coughing
♣ Fever between 38 to 40°C
♣ On physical examination, the cardinal sign of amoebic
liver abscess is painful hepatomegaly
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DIAGNOSIS
 The diagnosis of invasive intestinal amebiasis is still based on the

♣ Microscopic identification of cyst in stool
♣ Laboratory test or serological test of blood such as
PCR and ELISA.
♣ Ultrasonography or by computed tomography (CT) scans.
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Gopppp
TREATMENT
combination of therapy with luminal and tissue.
Tissue Amoebicides  Luminal Amoebicides
♣ Metronidazole:
♣ Tinidazole: ♣ Diloxanide furoate:
♣ Ornidazole:
♣ Nitazoxanide: ♣ Quinodocholor:
♣ Chloroquine:
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♣ Iodochlorhydroxyquin: and
 Surgical drainage hepatic abscess
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♣ Paromomycin:
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PUBLIC HEALTH AND DOMESTIC ANIMAL
SIGNIFICANCE.
 As a general rule, both E. histolytica enteric infections in nonhuman primates

and other mammals should be considered as originating from human sources.
 Once established, infections can be maintained within primate colonies and
between individuals.
 Infections can also be maintained and spread by aerosolizaton of infectious
stages
♣ During cleaning and
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E ♣ Sanitizing, and
♣ Handling cages and food or water pan
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PREVENTING THE SPREAD OF AMOEBIASIS
 Strict sanitation and personal hygiene, protective clothing and gloves,

 Fecal screening of NHP.
 Protect water supply from fecal contamination
 Wash your hands thoroughly after going to the toilet.
 Ideally, use liquid soap in warm running water, but any soap is better than
none.
S  Dry your hands properly after washing cage
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
 Amoebiasis is worldwide disease that caused by the E

histolytica, which infect
♣ Humans
♣ Primates
♣ Dogs and Cats
S  Throughout the world, Amoebiasis is the third leading cause
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the developing world, due to lack of sanitation.
 Also the disease have zoonotic importance.
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CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
 Up on this conclusion the following recommendation is

forwarded
In order to decrease the prevalence of amoebiasis in the world
♣ Proper sanitation specially water
♣ Take care during handling of primate faceas
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♣ Give awareness to the people on the transmission of
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TH END
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JIMMA UNIVERSITY

www.ju.edu.et VET. medicine JUCAVM

 The main objectives of this seminar is to review on

 The genus Entamoeba contains many species, some of them are

 Amoebiasis is the third leading parasitic cause of death.

 is through the ingestion of fecally contaminated food or drinks.

 The lifecycle of Amebiasis is very simple,

Pathogenesis of amebiasis is believed to be a multi step,

♣ lysis of target cell by release of toxins such as amebapores

 The clinical forms of invasive intestinal amebiasis, all of which

 The diagnosis of invasive intestinal amebiasis is still based on the

 As a general rule, both E. histolytica enteric infections in nonhuman primates

 Strict sanitation and personal hygiene, protective clothing and gloves,

 Amoebiasis is worldwide disease that caused by the E

 Up on this conclusion the following recommendation is

www.ju.edu.et AMOEBIASIS JUCAVM

www.ju.edu.et AMOEBIASIS JUCAVM

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