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    What IS Philosophy?

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    Zedric Marc Acao
    Philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It originated in ancient Greece, where early philosophers like Thales, Heraclitus, and Democritus posed questions about the basic nature of reality. Plato and his student Aristotle made major contributions, with Plato establishing the Academy and Aristotle studying many diverse fields. The main branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and ethics. Metaphysics examines core concepts like existence, time, objects, properties, space, and causality. Epistemology investigates the nature and scope of knowledge.

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    What IS Philosophy?

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    Zedric Marc Acao
    25 views47 pages
    Philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It originated in ancient Greece, where early philosophers like Thales, Heraclitus, and Democritus posed questions about the basic nature of reality. Plato and his student Aristotle made major contributions, with Plato establishing the Academy and Aristotle studying many diverse fields. The main branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and ethics. Metaphysics examines core concepts like existence, time, objects, properties, space, and causality. Epistemology investigates the nature and scope of knowledge.

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    Philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It originated in ancient Greece, where early philosophers like Thales, Heraclitus, and Democritus posed questions about the basic nature of reality. Plato and his student Aristotle made major contributions, with Plato establishing the Academy and Aristotle studying many diverse fields. The main branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and ethics. Metaphysics examines core concepts like existence, time, objects, properties, space, and causality. Epistemology investigates the nature and scope of knowledge.

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    25 views47 pages

    What IS Philosophy?

    Uploaded by

    Zedric Marc Acao
    Philosophy is the study of fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. It originated in ancient Greece, where early philosophers like Thales, Heraclitus, and Democritus posed questions about the basic nature of reality. Plato and his student Aristotle made major contributions, with Plato establishing the Academy and Aristotle studying many diverse fields. The main branches of philosophy are metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and ethics. Metaphysics examines core concepts like existence, time, objects, properties, space, and causality. Epistemology investigates the nature and scope of knowledge.

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    of 47

    WHAT

    IS
    PHILOSOPHY?
    Read and analyze the following conversation
    between a high school teacher and her student
    in a class:

    Teacher: Juan, what would you like to be when you


    grow up?
    Juan: Ma’am, I want to be happy!
    Teacher: Juan, you did not understand my
    question.
    Juan: Ma’am, you do not understand what life is all
    about!
    Philosophy
    - Comes from two Greek words: philos
    (love)
    sophia (wisdom).
    - The ancient Greeks used this term to
    refer to “love of wisdom”
    Philosophy
    - Science that studies beings in their ultimate
    causes, reasons and principles through the aid of
    human reason alone.
    BEING/BEINGS = all things that exist: material or immaterial

    material immaterial

    stones, carthe notions of


    God
    Soul
    Spirit
    Philosophers
    - The person engage in philosophy
    - Also known as “lovers of wisdom”.
    BASIC QUESTIONS IN PHILOSOPHY

     What is the origin of the world of everything that exists?


     Why do things exist rather than not exist at all?
     Is there God? If so, how can we justify the goodness of God?
     What is the meaning and purpose of life? Why do we have to
    suffer?
     If one is suffering from an unbearable pain such as cancer, is
    it morally right to resort to euthanasia and assisted suicide?
    ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY

    Greece
    - is the birthplace of philosophy in the West.
    - To be more precise it is the ancient Greek city of
    Miletus in the Western coast of what is now Turkey
    that gave birth to philosophy. It is in this city that the first
    philosopher in the West, Thales, lived.
    Thales
    - greatest contribution to philosophy is
    not his identification of water as the
    ultimate stuff of the universe. His
    greatest contribution is the problem he
    posed “What is the ultimate stuff of the
    universe?” and his approach in solving
    that problem.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Pythagoras (570 BCE to 495 BCE)

    - A mathematician and scientist, he


    was credited with formulating the
    Pythagorean theorem. His work
    earned him many followers, and
    he established a community of
    learners who were devoted to the
    study of religion and Philosophy.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Heraclitus (535 BCE to 475 BCE)


    - He propose that everything that
    exists is based on a higher order
    or plan which he called logos. For
    him,change is a permanent aspect
    of a human condition as he was
    credited with saying, “ No man
    ever steps in the same river twice”
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Democritus (460 BCE to 370 BCE)

    - He devoted himself to the


    study of the causes of natural
    phenomena. He was among
    the first to propose that matter
    is composed of tiny particles
    and called atoms
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Diogenes of Sinope
    (412 BCE to 323 BCE)
    - He was known advocate of living
    simple and virtuous life. For
    Diogenes, one should not only talk of
    virtue but should show it in words and
    actions. His emphasis on austerity
    and simplicity often went to the
    extreme, and he was said to have
    lived like a beggar.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Diogenes of Sinope
    (412 BCE to 323 BCE)

    - He was also to be a vocal critic of


    well-known philosophers such as
    Plato and Aristotle. His teachings
    and views were later developed by
    his followers and influenced the
    development of several schools of
    Philosophy such as Cynism and
    Stoicism.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Epicurus (341 BCE to 270 BCE)

    - He believed that Philosophy


    could enable man to live a life of
    happiness. He views gave rise
    to Epicureanism.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Epicureanism
    - A school of Philosophy which
    believes that wisdom and simple
    living will result in a life in a free
    of fear and pain.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Socrates (470 BCE to 270 BCE)

     He was considered the


    foremost philosopher of
    ancient times. He made
    the great contributions to
    the field of ethics.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Socrates (470 BCE to 270 BCE)

     was known critic of intellectuals


    during his time, but he himself
    did not claim to be “wise” and
    merely considered himself a
    “midlife” that helped inquiring
    minds achieve wisdom.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Socrates (470 BCE to 270 BCE)

     He also believed that


    philosophy could enable a man
    to live life of virtue.
     He was credited with
    formulating the Socratic Method.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Socratic Method
     A means of examining a topic
    by devising a series of
    questions that let the learner
    examine and analyze his
    knowledge and views
    regarding the topic.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Plato (427 BCE to 347 BCE)

     A student of Socrates, he wrote


    down his mentor’s teachings and
    incorporated some of his own ideas
    into them. His teachings and writings
    were considered the foundation of
    Western philosophy
     His most significant ideas included
    his Theory of Forms.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Theory of Forms
    - Proposes that everything
    that exits is based on an idea
    or template that can only be
    perceived in the mind; these
    nonphysical ideas are
    eternal and unchanging
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Plato (427 BCE to 347 BCE)

     He also focused his studies on


    the ideal society and proposed
    an ideal model of government
    and society which is ruled by
    wisdom and reason
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Plato (427 BCE to 347 BCE)

     He also known for his dialectic


    – a method of inquiry where two
    opposing ideas are discussed in an
    attempt to arrive at new knowledge.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Plato (427 BCE to 347 BCE)

     His lasting contribution to


    learning was his founding
    Academy, an institution of higher
    learning which was the first of its kind
    in the Western World.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Aristotle (384 BCE to 322 BCE)

     He attended the Academy, and


    was a prominent student of
    Plato. Aristotle, however,
    disagreed with Plato’s theory of
    forms and took a different
    stance in interpreting.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Aristotle
    - For him all ideas and views are
    based on perception and our
    reality is based on what we can
    sense and perceive.This view
    greatly influenced the study of
    the Physical Sciences.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Aristotle
    - He was involved in a great
    variety of disciplines such as
    Zoology, Psychology, Ethics,
    and Politics.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Aristotle
    - His study in logic which led
    to the formulation of a formal
    process of analyzing
    reasoning which gave rise to
    deductive reasoning.
    Most notable ancient Greek Philosophers:

    Deductive Reasoning
    - The process by which
    specific statements are
    analyzed to reach a
    conclusion or
    generalization.
    BRANCHES
    OF
    PHILOSOPHY
    Metaphysics Epistrmology
    Philosophy

    Logic Ethics
    METAPHYSICS
    meta physica
    (beyond/after) (physical/nature)

    Study of things beyond the physical


    concepts or things that cannot be experienced
    METAPHYSICS
    = foundation of Philosophy

    Metaphysics is
    the first
    philosphy
    Metaphysics

    General Metaphysics / Ontology


    Special Metaphysics
    * Cosmology
    * Psychology or Anthropology
    * Natural Theology or Theology
    Ontology (General Metaphysics)

    Onto logos
    (being or that which is)(knowledge or study)
    = studies beings in their ultimate causes, reasons, and basic
    principles through the aid of reason alone

    BASIC QUESTIONS IN ONTOLOGY


    • What is being?
    • Why do things exist rather than not exist at all?
    • What is the meaning and nature of reality?
    • What is the underlying principle of all that exist?
    • Is there nothing?
    Special Metaphysics
    Cosmology
    logos = study kosmos = world

    Studies the world (or universe)


    = including its origin, dynamics, and characteristics, as well as
    the laws that govern its order

    BASIC QUESTIONS IN ONTOLOGY


    • What is the origin of the world?
    • What is the basic material of which the world is formed?
    • How do things arise?
    • In what consists its fundamental form or principle of order?
    • Is the world or universe infinite?
    Special Metaphysics
    Cosmology
    logos = study kosmos = world

    Studies the world (or universe)


    = including its origin, dynamics, and characteristics, as well as
    the laws that govern its order

    BASIC QUESTIONS IN COSMOLOGY


    • What is the origin of the world?
    • What is the basic material of which the world is formed?
    • How do things arise?
    • In what consists its fundamental form or principle of order?
    • Is the world or universe infinite?
    Special Metaphysics

    PHSYCHOLOGY
    - psyche = soul
    = mind
    - logos = study
    which study of the nature, dynamics of the human
    person as a whole
    with emphasis on the way the person’s mind
    functions and the way she/he behaves
    Special Metaphysics

    PHSYCHOLOGY

    BASIC QUESTIONS IN COSMOLOGY


    • What is the nature of the human person?
    • Is there such thing as human nature?
    • What is the meaning and purpose, if any, or
    life?
    Special Metaphysics

    THEODICY OR NATURAL THEOLOGY


    - theos = God

    study of of God
    justification of the goodness of God in the face of the
    existence of the evil

    BASIC QUESTIONS IN COSMOLOGY


    • Is there god?
    • What and who God if he exists at all?
    • How do we prove the existence of God?
    • If God exists how do we justify the existence of evil and suffering in the
    world?
    2nd branch of Philosophy

    EPISTIMOLOGY
    - episteme = Knowledge
    - logos = study
    study of the nature and scope of knowledge and justified
    belief

    BASIC QUESTIONS IN EPISTIMOLOGY


    • What is knowledge?
    • What do we know?
    • How is knowledge acquired?
    • What are the structure and limits of knowledge?
    • What makes justified beliefs justified?
    Epistemology 2nd Branch of Philosophy

    -branch of philosophy that


    studies the nature and means
    of human knowledge.
    LOGIC
    - logos = science of correct thinking
    study of the principle and criteria of a valid argument
    distinguish sound and valid reasoning from unsound
    and bad reasoning

    BASIC QUESTIONS IN EPISTIMOLOGY


    • What is correct reasoning?
    • What distinguishes a good argument from a bad one?
    • How can we detect a fallacy in argument?
    • What are the criteria in determining the validity in determining the
    validity of the argument?
    • What are the types of logic?
    ETHICS
    - ethos = custom or habit
    morality of human actions
    how human persons ought to act, and the search for a
    definition of a right conduct, and good life.
    BASIC QUESTIONS IN ETHICS
    • What is the right conduct as that what causes the realization of the
    greatest good?
    • How do we determine a right conduct? In other words, what makes a
    right conduct right?
    • What is good life and can we attain it?
    • What is the difference between human act and actions that are based on
    instinct?
    • What do people think is right?
    Politics
    - is a branch of philosophy “which
    defines the principles of a proper
    social system.”
    - According to Rand “proper” means
    proper for human beings which
    presupposes that one knows what a
    human being is.
    Aesthetics
    - studies the nature of art.
    It is concerned with the
    nature and the objective
    judgement
    of beauty.
    Thank
    You!

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