Computing Chapter4

Input and Output
Chapter 4
The User Connection
Functions of Computer
Systems
Recall that there are four main

functions of computer systems.
Secondary
Storage
Input Processing Output

Input and Output
The computer user

is very aware of
inputting data and
the output
(processed
information) that
is the result.
Inputting Data
• Keyboard • Optical character

• Mouse recognition
• Trackball • Bar codes
• Magnetic-ink • Handwritten
character characters
recognition • Voice input
• Scanner • Touch screens
• Optical mark • Looking
recognition
Keyboard
A keyboard is similar to a typewriter

keyboard. Not all keyboards are
traditional. Customized keyboards can be
found in business, schools, and homes.
Mouse
The mouse movement corresponds to

movement of the pointer (cursor) on
the screen.
A mouse also has

one or more buttons
which allow selection
of items on a screen.
Trackball
The trackball stays in one

place while the user
rolls the ball directly
with one hand.
Trackballs are ideal when
a flat surface does not
exist.
Magnetic-ink Recognition
The most common

example of
characters made
of magnetic
particles can be
seen on personal
checks.
Scanner
A scanner is an optical recognition system

that uses light to scan an image and convert
it into electrical signals.
The signals are then processed so that the

image appears on the computer monitor.
Optical Mark Recognition
This technique uses a Exam

machine to sense a b c d
marks on a piece of 1. OOOO
paper.
2. O O O O
Computer-graded answer
3. O O O O
sheets rely on optical
4. O O O O
mark recognition
(OMR) to score tests. 5. O O O O
Optical Character
Recognition (OCR)
OCR devices use a
light source to read
special characters
or printed text.
OCR devices can
“read” pages in a
book or sale tags on
store merchandise.
Bar Codes
Bar codes appear on the product as a

series of zebra-like stripes.
Bar codes are used to identify a
product when read by a device called
a bar code reader.
Handwritten Characters
Machines can read

handwritten
characters.
However, the size,
completeness, and
legibility of the machines
handwriting must that can
follow rigid rules. read
Voice Input
Speaking to a computer Hello

requires speech Hal.
recognition devices.
The computer processes
the sounds into
binary code and can Hello
“learn” what the code Hal.
means.
Touch Screens
Touch screens
are designed so Yes
that if touched,
the computer N
knows what o
the person has
selected.
Looking
In the future, input

might be gathered
from our eye
movements, and
watching images
that appear on
our retina.
Output of Information
Useful information for the user can

take on a variety of forms:
• Computer screens
• Printers
• Voice output
• Music and sound
Computer Screens
Screen output is
known as soft copy
because it is
intangible and
temporary.
Most computer
screens are of the
cathode ray variety.
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Most CRT screens use raster scanning

to produce the image.
The image must be refreshed often. The
rate of refreshing is called scan rate.
The image we see actually consists of
dots (pixels) on the screen that are
either illuminated or not.
Pixels
Resolution is determined
by the number of pixels
on the screen.
The amount of space
between pixels is dot
pitch, which
determines image
quality.
Resolution Just Gets
Better
There are two SVGA -

common •800x600
resolutions •1024x768
available today:
•1280x1024
•1600x1200
XGA-
more colors
Flat Screens
Some computer
screens use liquid
crystal technology.
LCDs are popular
with laptop
computers.
Terminals
Terminals integrate a monitor,

keyboard and communications
link.
Smart terminals have their own
CPU
Printers
A printer is an output device that

produces a hard copy of your work
(a printout on paper).
There are two ways to

print onto paper:
• Impact
• Non-impact
Impact Printers
An impact printer makes physical

contact with the paper to produce an
image.
Impact printers are practical for print
jobs in which quantity matters or
when multiple (carbon) copies are
needed simultaneously.
Non-Impact Printers
Non-impact printers put the image on

the page without physically striking
the paper.
These printers are best when quality
is important.
Voice Output
Synthesizing speech is
much easier for a
Hello computer than speech
Dave. recognition.
There are two methods:
• Synthesis by analysis
• Synthesis by rule
Synthesis by Analysis
In this method of speech synthesis,

the output device analyzes the
input of a human voice speaking
words.
The words are stored and the sounds
are processed.
Later, the computer “talks” by
reproducing the words as needed.
Synthesis by Rule
In this method of speech synthesis,

the output device applies a complex
set of linguistic rules to create
artificial speech.
Music and Sound Output
• May be as simple as • Use MIDI to record

attaching speakers and playback musical
to the computer. compositions
• For more serious
output, add sound
chips to simulate
different
instruments or
sound effects.
Computer Graphics Output
Examples of this kind of output

include:
• Business graphics • Computer art

• Video graphics • Science
• CAD/CAM • Sports
• Education
Business Graphics
Business graphics is a
April Sales by Teams
powerful way to turn (A, B, C, and D)
numerical data into
more meaningful
information.
The addition of color increases understanding.

Video Graphics
Video graphics
combines
computer
graphics and
sound, with the
ability to
animate a series
of frames.
TV’s Special Effects
Many television
programs and
movies rely on
the special
effects made
possible with
video graphics
technology.
CAD/CAM
Computer-aided
design (CAM) and
computer-aided
manufacturing
use computers to
design, build, and
test products.
Digital Cameras
• Digital cameras take photographs and

store them internally
• Photos are then sent to the computer for
output, or stored on disk.
Ethics and Data
Just because a computer will allow

you to input data and produce new
information as output, doesn’t
always mean it is legal or right to
do so.
Ethics and Data
Is the situation described below

ethical?
Use computer software to

substitute one person for another
in a photograph.
Ethics and Data
Is the situation described below

ethical?
Erase contents of e-mails that may

help someone filing suit against your
company.
Conclusion
Newer input and output devices are

announced regularly.
Users reap the benefits of
improvements in performance and
ease of use.

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Input and Output

Recall that there are four main

Input Processing Output

The computer user

• Keyboard • Optical character

A keyboard is similar to a typewriter

The mouse movement corresponds to

A mouse also has

The trackball stays in one

The most common

A scanner is an optical recognition system

The signals are then processed so that the

This technique uses a Exam

Bar codes appear on the product as a

Machines can read

Speaking to a computer Hello

In the future, input

Useful information for the user can

Most CRT screens use raster scanning

There are two SVGA -

Terminals integrate a monitor,

A printer is an output device that

There are two ways to

An impact printer makes physical

Non-impact printers put the image on

In this method of speech synthesis,

In this method of speech synthesis,

• May be as simple as • Use MIDI to record

Examples of this kind of output

• Business graphics • Computer art

The addition of color increases understanding.

• Digital cameras take photographs and

Just because a computer will allow

Is the situation described below

Use computer software to

Is the situation described below

Erase contents of e-mails that may

Newer input and output devices are

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