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    Cyber Security Lecture Notes 05

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    Sampath Darshana
    This document discusses cryptography and cryptanalysis. It defines cryptography as the practice of secret writing and cryptanalysis as code breaking. The document outlines basic cryptographic concepts like encryption, decryption, and cryptosystems. It then discusses cryptographic mechanisms like encryption algorithms and digital signatures. The document also emphasizes the importance of cryptographic keys for security. Finally, it provides examples of the Caesar cipher and monoalphabetic cipher to illustrate early encryption techniques.

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    Cyber Security Lecture Notes 05

    Uploaded by

    Sampath Darshana
    61 views20 pages
    This document discusses cryptography and cryptanalysis. It defines cryptography as the practice of secret writing and cryptanalysis as code breaking. The document outlines basic cryptographic concepts like encryption, decryption, and cryptosystems. It then discusses cryptographic mechanisms like encryption algorithms and digital signatures. The document also emphasizes the importance of cryptographic keys for security. Finally, it provides examples of the Caesar cipher and monoalphabetic cipher to illustrate early encryption techniques.

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    This document discusses cryptography and cryptanalysis. It defines cryptography as the practice of secret writing and cryptanalysis as code breaking. The document outlines basic cryptographic concepts like encryption, decryption, and cryptosystems. It then discusses cryptographic mechanisms like encryption algorithms and digital signatures. The document also emphasizes the importance of cryptographic keys for security. Finally, it provides examples of the Caesar cipher and monoalphabetic cipher to illustrate early encryption techniques.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    61 views20 pages

    Cyber Security Lecture Notes 05

    Uploaded by

    Sampath Darshana
    This document discusses cryptography and cryptanalysis. It defines cryptography as the practice of secret writing and cryptanalysis as code breaking. The document outlines basic cryptographic concepts like encryption, decryption, and cryptosystems. It then discusses cryptographic mechanisms like encryption algorithms and digital signatures. The document also emphasizes the importance of cryptographic keys for security. Finally, it provides examples of the Caesar cipher and monoalphabetic cipher to illustrate early encryption techniques.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    Department of Computer Science

    COMP40451 Cyber Security

    Lecture 5
    Cryptography (1)

    Dr Xiaoqi Ma
    Outline
    1 Basic concepts of cryptography

    2 Cryptographic mechanisms

    3 Cryptographic keys

    4 Historical background

    5 Summary
    Cryptography
     The word cryptography has its origin from the Greek word κρυπτός (kryptos), which
    means “hidden” or “secret”
     Cryptography is the science of secret writing, or the practice and study of hiding
    information
     Cryptography is widely used in applications present in technologically advanced
    societies; examples include the security of ATM cards, computer passwords and
    electronic commerce, which all depend on cryptography
    Cryptanalysis
     Cryptanalysis is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted
    information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so
     Non-technically, cryptanalysis is the practice of code breaking
     In more general sense, cryptanalysis is also used to refer to any attempt to circumvent the
    security of other types of cryptographic algorithms and protocols in general, and not just
    encryption
    Cryptology and cryptosystem
     Cryptology, often shortened to just crypto, is the study of both cryptography and
    cryptanalysis
     A cryptosystem (abbreviation of cryptographic system) refers to a suite of algorithms
    needed to implement a particular form of encryption and decryption
     Typically, a cryptosystem consists of three algorithms:
     Key generation algorithm
     Encryption algorithm
     Decryption algorithm
    Cryptographic mechanisms
     Cryptographic mechanisms are the basic building blocks of cryptographic schemes
     Cryptographic mechanisms are used in cryptographic protocols and rely on good key
    management to offer effective protection
     Most frequently used cryptographic mechanisms include:
     Encryption/decryption algorithms
     Digital signature schemes
     Integrity check functions (cryptographic hash functions)
    Encryption and Decryption (1)
     Encryption is the process of transforming information using an algorithm to make it
    unreadable to anyone except those possessing special knowledge, usually referred to as a
    key
     Decryption is the process of transforming encrypted information back into its normal,
    original form
    Encryption and Decryption (2)
     Encryption is sometimes also called encode or encipher
     Decryption is sometimes also called decode or decipher
     A cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for performing encryption and decryption
     The original form of a message is known as plaintext
     The encrypted form of a message is called ciphertext
    Cryptographic Keys (1)
     In daily life, to lock and unlock a door, you need a key; locks differ in strength
     In information security, cryptographic algorithms use keys to protect data; there are
    variations in strength
     Brute force attacks exhaustively search the entire key space and give an upper bound for
    the strength of an algorithm
     Modern cryptography does not rely on the secrecy of its algorithm; the key used in a
    cryptographic transformation should be the only item that needs protections
    Cryptographic Keys (2)
     Key management is of paramount importance for the security of cryptographic schemes
     Important questions need to be addressed:
     Where are keys generated
     How are keys generated
     Where are keys stored
     How do they get there
     Where are the keys actually used
     How are keys revoked and replaced
    Caesar Cipher: A Historical Example
     Caesar cipher is the earliest known use of a cipher by Julius Caesar
     It is a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a
    letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet.
     Caesar used the shift of 3 in history
    Caesar Cipher Shifts
    Caesar Cipher
     For each plaintext letter p, substitute the ciphertext letter C:

    𝐶 = 𝐸(𝑝) = (𝑝 + 3) mod 26
     Ciphers with shifts being of any amount can be considered as general Caesar cipher:

    𝐶 = 𝐸(𝑝) = (𝑝 + k) mod 26
    where the key k takes on a value in the range of 1 to 25
    Example of Caesar Cipher
     The transformation can be represented by aligning two alphabets:
    Plaintext a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
    Ciphertext d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c

     Encryption: 𝐶 = 𝐸(𝑝) = (𝑝+3) mod 26


     Decryption: 𝑝 = 𝐷(𝐶) = (𝐶−3) mod 26
     Example:
    Plaintext the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
    Ciphertext
    Example of Caesar Cipher
     The transformation can be represented by aligning two alphabets:
    Plaintext a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
    Ciphertext d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z a b c

     Encryption: 𝐶 = 𝐸(𝑝) = (𝑝+3) mod 26


     Decryption: 𝑝 = 𝐷(𝐶) = (𝐶−3) mod 26
     Example:
    Plaintext the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
    Ciphertext wkh txlfn eurzq ira mxpsv ryhu wkh odcb grj
    Cryptanalysis of Caesar Cipher
     It is trivial to cryptanalyse the original Caesar cipher as we have already known the key,
    which is 3
     For general Caesar cipher, a brute-force cryptanalysis can be easily performed
     Suppose we don’t know the key and try to analyse the cipher by brute force

    Plaintext wkh txlfn eurzq ira mxpsv ryhu wkh odcb grj
    Key 1 vjg swkem dtqyp hqz lworu qxgt vjg ncba fqi
    Key 2 uif rvjdl cspxo gpy kvnqt pwfs uif mbaz eph
    Key 3 the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog
    Monoalphabetic Cipher
     With only 25 possible keys, the Caesar cipher is far from secure
     A dramatic increase in the key space can be achieved by allowing an arbitrary
    substitution:

    Plaintext a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
    Ciphertext n x q g u s v k l c a y p f r i t z j w e o h d b m
     Message cipher:

    Plaintext Flee at once, we are discovered!


    Ciphertext Syuu nw rfqu, hu nzu gljqrouzug!
    Security of Monoalphabetic Cipher
     Caesar cipher only has 25 effective keys
     The number of keys of monoalphabetic cipher:
    26! ≈ 288.4 ≈ 4 × 1026
     It is more difficult to cryptanalyse monoalphabetic ciphers as its key space is much larger
    than Caesar cipher
     Is it really secure enough?
    Breaking Monoalphabetic Cipher
    Summary
    1 Basic concepts of cryptography
    2 Cryptographic mechanisms
    3 Importance of cryptographic keys
    4 Caesar cipher
    5 Monoalphabetic cipher

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