Topic-2 QRM

Qualitative Research Methods
The concept of research philosophy

Key points
1 Philosophical underpinning
2 Four key concepts
3 Linking research and philosophy

Research Philosophy Belief
A research philosophy is
a belief about the way in
which data about a Data
phenomenon should
be gathered, analyzed
and used. Phenomenon
Four key concepts
Ontology Epistemology Axiology Methodology

Ontology
• Ontology, is a branch of philosophy that deals
with studying being, existence, and reality. Ontol-
ogy is specifically the study of existence and its
nature. the philosophical study of being in gen-
eral, or of what applies neutrally to everything that
is real.
• Basic assumptions about the nature of reality.
Epistemology
• Epistemology, the philosophical study of the nature, origin,
and limits of human knowledge.
• The term is derived from the Greek epistēmē (“knowledge”)
and logos (“reason”), and accordingly the field is sometimes
referred to as the theory of knowledge.
• Basic assumptions about what we can know about reality, and
about the relationship between knowledge and reality.
Ontology Metaphysics Epistemology
Do souls exist? Are they the What physical laws would How can we know
sort of things that obey have to be true in order whether souls exist?
physical laws? for souls to exist?

Is there a God? What rules, if any, govern Can human beings ever
God’s actions? know whether there is a
God?
Axiology
• It is the branch of practical philosophy which studies the
nature of value.
• Axiology, (from Greek axios, “worthy”; logos, “science”), also
called theory of value
• The philosophical study of goodness, or value, in the widest
sense.
• Axiology deals with the nature of value and captures the value
question of what is intrinsically worthwhile?
Methodology
• The word methodology comprises two nouns: method and
ology, which means a branch of knowledge
• Methodology is a branch of knowledge that deals with the
general principles or proverbs the new knowledge.
• It refers to the rationale and the philosophical assumptions
that underlie any natural, social or human science study
• Methods are the techniques and procedures followed to
conduct research, and are determined by the methodology
Revisiting key concepts
Epistemology Ontology Axiology Methodology
Methods
Knowledge Reality Value
and process
Linking it all together
Inductive vs Deductive Research
Inductive Vs Deductive
Approaches
How to choose?
Interpretive Framework
• The philosophical assumptions are embedded
within an interpretive framework that qualitative
researchers use.
• A research method that involves detailed
understanding of a particular subject through
observation, not through hypothesis testing.
Interpretive Frameworks
1. Post-positivism
2. Social constructivism
3. Transformative framework
4. Postmodernism
5. Pragmatism
1- Post-positivism
Post positivists argue that the ideas, and even the particular identity,
of a researcher influences what they observe and therefore impacts upon
what they conclude. (Biases)
The researcher views the inquiry as a series of logically related steps,
believe in multiple perspectives from participants rather than a single
reality and adopt rigorous methods of data collection. They use multiple
levels of data analysis for rigor, encourage the use of validity approach,
and write their qualitative studies in the form of scientific reports,
(e.g., problem, questions, data collection, results, conclusions).
2- Social Constructivism
• Develop subjective meaning of the world
• Goal of researcher is to rely more on participants views
Instead of relying on a theory researcher inductively develops a
theory or pattern of meaning.
3- Transformative Framework
The transformative paradigm is a research framework

that centers the experiences of marginalized communi-
ties, includes analysis of power differentials that have
led to marginalization, and links research findings to ac-
tions intended to mitigate disparities.
3- Transformative Framework
The basic belief of this transformative framework

is that knowledge is not neutral and it reflects the
power and social relationships within society;
thus, the purpose of knowledge construction is to
aid
people to improve society (Mertens, 2003).
4- Postmodernism
• Knowledge claims must be set within the conditions of
the world today and in multiple perspectives of class,
race, gender etc.
• It works under multiple discourse, and presence of
metanarratives.
• It focuses on deconstruct the text in terms of language
5- Pragmatism
• Pragmatism focuses on the outcomes of the research
- actions and consequence - rather than antecedents
• Pragmatism is not committed to any system of
philosophy and reality
• Use multiple ways to find the solution of a problem.
Conclusion
• A researcher uses a particular interpretive framework
on the basis of his/her belief
• The interpretive frameworks data collection, analysis
and other procedures
• The research question either influenced by the choice
of Interpretive Framework (IF) or it influences to
choose a particular IF.

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Qualitative Research Methods

The concept of research philosophy

2 Four key concepts

3 Linking research and philosophy

Ontology Epistemology Axiology Methodology

Epistemology Ontology Axiology Methodology

The transformative paradigm is a research framework

The basic belief of this transformative framework

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