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    Toxicology of Pesticides

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    Nugroho Hartono

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    Toxicology of Pesticides

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    Nugroho Hartono
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    Toxicology of Pesticides

    Uploaded by

    Nugroho Hartono

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Toxicology

    of
    Pesticides
    Dose/Response
    Dose Terminology
    LD50 = Lethal Dose 50% Test Population

    LD0 = Highest Dose with no Lethality in the Test Population

    LD100 = Lethal Dose 100% Test Population

    LC50 = Lethal Concentration 50% Test Population

    LOAEL =Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level

    NOAEL = No Observed Adverse Effect Level


    Dose/Response
    Exposure Terminology
    Acute: Short term, high dose, usually measured in minutes to
    days, can be multiple doses within a short period (burst hose on a
    azinphos-methyl application or a B.T. Collins Cocktail).

    SubChronic: Intermediate term, moderate to low dose,


    measured in weeks to months (exposure to a seasonal use material,
    e.g. triadimefon on grapes) .

    Chronic: Long term, low dose, measured in months to years


    (exposure to a constant use material, e.g. sulfuryl fluoride for home
    fumigation).
    Pesticides
    General Classes
    Insecticides
    1. Organophosphates (OP)
    2. Carbamates
    3. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (CHC)
    4. Pyrethroids
    5. Biologicals
    6. Metals/Elementals
    7. Insect Growth Regulators (IGR)
    Pesticides
    General Classes
    Fungicides
    1. Substituted benzenes
    2. Thiocarbamates
    3. EBDC
    4. Phthalates
    5. Metals/Elements
    6. Others
    Pesticides
    General Classes
    Rodenticides
    1. Coumarins
    2. Indandiones
    3. Metals/Inorganics
    4. Convulsants
    Pesticides
    General Classes
    Herbicides
    1. Chlorophenoxy
    2. Nitro-phenolic/cresolic
    3. Dipyridyls
    4. Triazines
    5. Thiocarbamates
    6. Phosphonates
    7. Others
    Pesticides
    General Classes
    Fumigants
    1. Methyl bromide
    2. Sulfuryl fluoride
    3. Chloropicrin
    4. Acrolein
    5. Phosphine
    6. 1,3-dichloropropene
    7. Hydrogen cyanide
    8. Formaldehyde
    Pesticides
    Insecticide Toxicology
    OP Carbamates
    Parathion Propoxur
    Azinphos-methyl Methomyl
    Diclorvos Carbofuran
    Naled Aldicarb
    Fenamiphos Carbaryl
    Methidathion Fenoxycarb
    Oxydemeton-methyl Thiodicarb
    malathion Oxamyl
    Pesticides
    OPs and Carbamates

    Parathion Carbaryl
    Pesticides
    OPs and Carbamates
    Both inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE); carbamates do so reversibly.
    Oxons of OPs tend to be more toxic (malathion vs maloxon)
    OPs generally are more easily absorbed through the skin than
    carbamates (same is true of EC formulations).
    Can come in various formulations with various solvents.
    Toxicity varies.
    Symptoms: Headache, nausea, vomiting, weakness, hypersecretion,
    twitching, diarrhea, seizures, LOC, pulmonary edema.
    AChE inhibition can be measured, so can urinary metabolites.
    Pesticides
    CHCs
    dichloro diphenyl chlordane endrin
    trichloroethane
    dienochlor heptachlor methoxychlor
    chlorobenzilate benzene hexachloride chlorodecone

    mirex lindane dieldrin


    dicofol toxaphene endosulfan

    Red = cancelled
    Pesticides
    CHCs

    DDT

    Dieldrin
    Pesticides
    CHCs
    Most CHCs which tended to lipid storage have been cancelled.
    Remaining CHCs usually rapidly metabolized and excreted.
    Lindane, the cyclodienes and endosulfan can be dermally absorbed.
    DDT is very poorly absorbed through skin.
    Most of the highly toxic CHCs are cancelled in USA.
    Symptoms: Headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, tremor,
    hyperesthesia/paresthesia, convulsions, coma, death.
    Blood levels of CHCs and metabolites can be measured.
    Pesticides
    Pyrethroids
    Allethrin Bifenthrin Cismethrin
    Cyfluthrin Cypermethrin Deltamethrin
    Dimethrin Esfenvalerate Fenvalerate
    Flucythrinate Fluvalinate Permethrin
    Resmethrin Tetramethrin Tralomethrin

    Do you notice a trend in the nomenclature?


    Pesticides
    Pyrethroids
    Synthetic versions of pyrethrins (from chrysanthemums).
    Dermal and inhalation toxicity relatively low.
    Ingestion route more problematic.
    High doses can cause incoordination, tremor,
    salivation, vomiting and convulsions.
    Allergy-like reactions can occur, “creepy-
    crawly” skin sensation (paresthesia),
    especially in fenvalerate, cypermethrin, and
    fluvalinate.
    Pesticides
    Fungicides
    Most fungicides are usually dermal irritants, eye irritants,
    respiratory irritants, and potential sensitizers.
    The thiocarbamate fungicides may have an Antabuse reaction.
    The metallic materials (copper) can be corrosive to eyes and
    mucus membranes.
    Organometallics (Cu, Hg, Sn, Cd) also cause systemic illnesses;
    most are no longer registered in USA.
    Symptoms vary. Hg organometallics are extremely hazardous.
    Sulfur can cause mild to moderate dermatitis.
    Pesticides
    Rodenticides
    Warfarin, bromadiolone, brodifacoum, chlorophacinone, etc. are all
    hemorrhagic agents. Warfarin is medically prescribed as coumadin.
    Thallium sulfate in non-lethal doses can cause painful neuropathies,
    seizures, dementia and coma. Not registered in USA.
    Zinc phosphide dust inhalation causes pulmonary edema. Ingested
    material will evolve phosphine gas in the gut.
    Yellow phosphorous is highly corrosive and unavailable in the USA.
    Convulsants include 1080*, crimidine and strychnine.
    *(varmint collar only)
    Pesticides
    Herbicides
    Chlorophenoxy materials are dermal and mucous membrane irritants.
    Dermal absorption is low.
    The nitro-cresolic/phenolics are very toxic and easily absorbed
    through the skin. Causes yellow discoloration of skin/eyes/hair.
    Decouples oxidative phosphorylation; used as “diet pill” (1933).
    Dipyridyl paraquat is a severe skin/eye irritant and is usually fatal in
    even small (20ml of 20%) doses. Diquat is a neurological toxicant.
    One phosphonate formulation was corrosive to the eyes, not from the
    glyphosate, but from the surfactants. It was reformulated to remove
    the problem material.
    Pesticides
    Fumigants
    Methyl bromide is phasing out of use. Greatest use is still
    agricultural (commodity, field), while structural is dropping. Can
    cause dermal burns if trapped against the body. Inhalation can cause
    pulmonary edema and convulsions.
    Sulfuryl fluoride is irritating to mucous membranes. Has become
    major material for structural use.
    Chloropicrin and acrolein are strong lachrymators and severely
    irritating.
    Phosphine is an upper respiratory tract irritant that can cause nausea,
    tachycardia, paresthesia.
    Pesticides
    Others
    IGRs are usually of very low toxicity
    “Organic” pesticides can be highly toxic (nicotine), sensitizers
    (pyrethrum), dermal irritants (rotenone) or essentially harmless (BT).
    Mixing Clorox® with ammonia is considered a violation of label.
    Mixing Purex® with ammonia is considered stupid.
    Arsenicals are still have insecticidal and wood preservative uses.
    DEET (DIETHYL TOLUAMIDE) can cause dermatitis in the antecubital
    and popliteal fossae.
    Sugar is a registered pesticide in California (Reg.# 39834-50002-AA)
    So is salt (Reg.# 71986-30001-AA )

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