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    Problems in Ventilatory Function

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    Alyssa Gaile Espiritu
    The document discusses respiratory failure and its pathophysiology. It describes how alterations in gas exchange and respiratory muscles/control can lead to arterial hypoxemia and tissue hypoxia. It defines the diagnostic criteria for acute and chronic respiratory failure based on blood gas levels. Complications may develop as chronic respiratory failure progresses. The clinical manifestations of respiratory failure are then outlined, including those from hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and increased work of breathing, as well as those caused by pressure in the right side of the heart like pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.

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    Problems in Ventilatory Function

    Uploaded by

    Alyssa Gaile Espiritu
    19 views10 pages
    The document discusses respiratory failure and its pathophysiology. It describes how alterations in gas exchange and respiratory muscles/control can lead to arterial hypoxemia and tissue hypoxia. It defines the diagnostic criteria for acute and chronic respiratory failure based on blood gas levels. Complications may develop as chronic respiratory failure progresses. The clinical manifestations of respiratory failure are then outlined, including those from hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and increased work of breathing, as well as those caused by pressure in the right side of the heart like pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.

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    The document discusses respiratory failure and its pathophysiology. It describes how alterations in gas exchange and respiratory muscles/control can lead to arterial hypoxemia and tissue hypoxia. It defines the diagnostic criteria for acute and chronic respiratory failure based on blood gas levels. Complications may develop as chronic respiratory failure progresses. The clinical manifestations of respiratory failure are then outlined, including those from hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and increased work of breathing, as well as those caused by pressure in the right side of the heart like pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    19 views10 pages

    Problems in Ventilatory Function

    Uploaded by

    Alyssa Gaile Espiritu
    The document discusses respiratory failure and its pathophysiology. It describes how alterations in gas exchange and respiratory muscles/control can lead to arterial hypoxemia and tissue hypoxia. It defines the diagnostic criteria for acute and chronic respiratory failure based on blood gas levels. Complications may develop as chronic respiratory failure progresses. The clinical manifestations of respiratory failure are then outlined, including those from hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and increased work of breathing, as well as those caused by pressure in the right side of the heart like pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.

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    You are on page 1of 10

    PROBLEMS IN

    VENTILATORY
    FUNCTION
    Learning Contents

    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
    OF RESPIRATORY
    FAILURE

    The Processes Involved

    1. The abnormal state of the respiratory


    system (caused by associated
    conditions):
    a. Alterations of gas exchange organ
    (lungs)
    b. Alteration of the pump organ
    (respiratory muscle and respiratory
    control mechanism)

    11. Arterial oxygen fails and tissue cells


    become hypoxix

    2
    Learning Contents

    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
    OF RESPIRATORY
    FAILURE

    The Processes Involved

    11. Arterial oxygen fails and tissue cells


    become hypoxic
    Physiologic Criteria in ARF:
     PaO2 of 50 mmHg or less
    (measured on room air)
     PaCO2 of 50 mmHg or more
     pH of 7.35 or less
    Physiologic Criteria in CRF:
     Hypercapnia and hypoxemia S/Sx
     pH usually stays within the range of
    7.35 to 7.40 because of
    compensation

    3
    Learning Contents

    Prognosis:
    Poor if complications may set in
    CRF may develop into AOCRF as a
    secondary insult to the compromised
    pulmonary system (usually infection).
    When this happens the client can no
    longer compensate for the altered lung
    function
    Clinical criteria:
     dramatic decrease in pH (below
    7.35mmHg)
     Severe hypoxemia
     Hypercapnia (retention of carbon
    dioxide
     Client may display few S/Sx related
    to pH and PaO2

    4
    Learning Contents

    The basis for the clinical manifestations


    associated with respiratory failure is
    UNDERLYING BLOOD GAS
    ALTERATIONS
    Diagnostic Test: ABG

    Since the blood gas derangements


    causing hypoxemia, hypercapnia and
    respiratory acidosis occur
    simultaneously and is not stable, it is
    important for the nurse to recognize
    that the S/Sx depends more on the rate
    of change of the value of the ABG
    rather than on absolute value.

    5
    Learning Contents

    6
    CLINICAL
    MANIFESTATIONS
    Respiratory Failure

    SECONDARY TO HYPERCAPNIA,
    HYPOXEMIA, RESPIRATORY
    ACIDOSIS
     Headache
     Irritability
     Confusion
     Increasing somnolence, coma
     Asterixis (flapping tremor)
     Cardiac dysrhythmia
     Tachycardia
     Hypotension
     cyanosis

    7
    CLINICAL
    MANIFESTATIONS
    Respiratory Failure

    SECONDARY TO INCREASED WORK


    OF BREATHING
     Dyspnea
     Exhaustion

    SECONDARY TO PRESSURE IN THE


    RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART
     Peripheral edema
     Neck vein distension
     hepatomegaly

    8
    CLINICAL
    MANIFESTATIONS
    Respiratory Failure

    HOW DOES PRESSURE IN THE


    RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART OCCUR
    IN RESPIRATORY FAILURE?
     Vessel obliteration, pulmonary
    vasoconstriction, micro thrombosis
    caused by hypoxia, hypercapnia and
    imbalance in vasoactive mediators
    RESULT TO
    pulmonary hypertension, ( changes in
    the small blood vessels inside the
    lungs that can lead to increased
    blood pressure in the right side of
    the heart.

    9
    CLINICAL
    MANIFESTATIONS
    Respiratory Failure

    pulmonary hypertension will


    eventually result to
    Cor pulmonale - a condition that
    causes the right side of the heart to
    fail. Long-term high blood pressure
    in the arteries of the lung and right
    ventricle of the heart can lead to Cor
    pulmonale.

    10

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