Prepared by Fatima Zehra Naqvi

Prepared by
FATIMA ZEHRA NAQVI

Social interaction refers to the mutual inter
stimulation & response between 2 or more
persons and groups through symbols, language,
gestures, & expression of ideas.
When 2 or more persons, group meet, there will
be a mutual awareness & response between them,
both verbal & non-verbal.
Exchange of messages is carried on through the
medium of language.
Language is a system of verbal and non-verbal
written symbols with standardized meaning.
Verbal language involves the use of words or

sound symbols for things, objects, or ideas.
Non-verbal language involves the use of written

symbols.
1) Physical Interaction:
⮚ Each person does something physically to the
others.
o Example:Beating,Pushing,Fighting,
handshaking,hugging etc.
2) Symbolic Interaction:
⮚ Refers to the communication of thoughts & feelings
between individuals that occurs by means of
symbol.
o Example: Symbols, expressions, Fear, Sad, etc.
1) Person to – person: Between individual and
individual:
2) Person to – group: Between individual and
group:
3) Group to – group: Between group and group:

⮚ Any identifiable, repetitive pattern of social
interaction.
OR
⮚ Social process is an observable pattern of social
interaction over a period of time.
NOISE
ENCODES COMMUNICATION DECODES

CHANNEL
SENDER RECIEVER
MESSAGE
DECODES ENCODES
FEED BACK
a) Based on Formation:
1. Universal or basic social processes
2. Derived social processes
b) Based on Unity or Opposition:

1. Conjunctive social processes
2. Disjunctive social processes
a. Based on Formation:
1. Universal or basic social processes:
⮚ Refers to patterned and recurrent responses

observable in all human societies.
a. Cooperation:
⮚ Involves two or more persons joining their
intelligence, efforts, talents and resources
together to attain a goal which can be shared.
o Example:
⮚ business partnership.
❖ Types of Cooperation:
1. Informal Cooperation:
⮚ Characterized as spontaneous and involves
mutual give and take.
2. Formal Cooperation:
⮚ Characterized as a deliberate contractual nature
and prescribes the reciprocal rights and
obligations of members.
3. Symbolic Cooperation:
⮚ A situation where two or more person live
together harmoniously and are supportive and
interdependent resulting in mutual interest.
❖ Functions of Cooperation:
I. It makes for social cohesion and

integration among the members of a
group.
II. It contributes to social stability and order.
III. It fosters consensus and compromise in

various social issues.
b. Competition:
⮚ It is a form of impersonalized struggle or

opposition to secure a reward or goal which
cannot be shared.
⮚ It is a form of disjoint action between opposing
individuals or group aimed to excel, surpass or
outdo the opponent in order to achieve the
goal.
o Example:
⮚ Sports festivals; rivalry.

❖ Types of Competition:
1. Personal Competition:
▪ Involves direct face-to-face.
▪ Contact between opposing parties.
o Example:
⮚ Candidate during election.
2. Impersonal Competition:
▪ Involves a struggle between persons or groups
not directly aware of each other.
o Example:
⮚ Candidate during commission exam.
❖Functions of Competition:
I. Competition promote social change.
II. It has the additional function of stimulating
both individual and group activity in a manner
to increase the total productivity of
the competitors.
❖Nature of Competition:
I. Competition as a social process arises in every
field of human life.
II. It is a continuous process until the goal is either
achieved or lost.
c. Conflict:
⮚ It is a form of highly personalized and
emotionalized struggle or opposition
between individuals or groups to attain
scarce goals or values.
o Example:
⮚ group riots, violent strikes, war or
revolution.
⮚ It may involve physical violence or non-
violence.
❖Functions of Conflict:
I. Conflict may help to establish unity and

cohesion within a group which has been
threatened by hostile and antagonistic feelings
among the members.
II. Conflict provides an outlet for the expression of

suppressed emotions and frustrations.
III. Conflict also promote social change.

I. War:
⮚ A state of collective physical conflict between
politically organized groups(nations or sub-
nations).
⮚ Most destructive in nature.
⮚ The entire national resources are directed to

win the war.
II. Class Conflict/Class Struggle:
⮚ Conflict/struggle between entire classes over
the distribution of a society’s wealth & power.
o Example:
⮚ The French & Russian revolutions resulted due

to class conflict.
2. Derived social processes:
⮚ Refers to secondary social processes that arise out

of the basic social processes.
I. Acculturation:
⮚ It is the process of learning some new traits from
another culture.
⮚ Also called cultural borrowing/ imitation.
II. Assimilation:
⮚ The process by which minorities gradually adopt

patterns of the dominant culture.
III. Amalgamation:
⮚Refers to some kind of biological fusion

through intermarriage of persons coming
from different ethnic groups.
IV. Differentiation:
⮚ Refers to the creation of interest resulting in
individuals or groups needing or wanting
different things or services rather than the
same thing.
⮚ It refers to specialization or division of labor.
o Example:
⮚ Adjacent stores selling different goods.
V. Accommodation:
⮚ Refers to the social process whereby competing

or conflicting individuals or groups trash out
difficulties in order to minimize or stop the
conflict.
1. Pact:
⮚ Pact is an agreement to cease hostilities or fighting
for a certain period of time. (e.g. peace
negotiations)
2. Compromise:
⮚ Compromise is a process of settling differences
where opposing parties withdraw their demands to
adjust their relationship.
⮚ It involves a give-and-take relationship, the mutual
giving of concessions.
3. Mediation:
⮚ Mediation is a form of settling disputes where a
neutral third party intervenes and gives
suggestions or recommendations to warning
nations or parties to stop their hostilities.
4. Conciliation:
⮚ Conciliation is an accommodative processes where
the third or neutral party can be anybody to settle
disputes and who may or may not give
recommendations to settle the conflict.
5. Arbitration:
⮚ It is an accommodative social process where the

neutral third party has legal authority to decide on
the conflict. The decision is followed by opposing
parties. (e.g. judge)
1. Conjunctive social processes:
⮚ They refer to patterned forms of social
interactions which lead to unity, organization,
cooperation and harmony.
These include:
⮚ Cooperation, acculturation, assimilation,
differentiation, amalgamation and
accommodation.
2. Disjunctive Social Processes:
⮚ They refer to patterned forms of social

interactions which lead to disunity,
disorganization, division, and disharmony.
⮚ These include competition and conflict.

⮚ Co-operation Conflict
⮚ Competition Consensus
⮚ Accommodation Assimilation
⮚ Acculturation Differentiation
⮚ Stratification Amalgamation

Prepared by Fatima Zehra Naqvi

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Prepared by Fatima Zehra Naqvi

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Prepared by

FATIMA ZEHRA NAQVI

Verbal language involves the use of words or

Non-verbal language involves the use of written

3) Group to – group: Between group and group:

ENCODES COMMUNICATION DECODES

b) Based on Unity or Opposition:

1. Universal or basic social processes:

⮚ Refers to patterned and recurrent responses

I. It makes for social cohesion and

II. It contributes to social stability and order.

III. It fosters consensus and compromise in

⮚ It is a form of impersonalized struggle or

⮚ Sports festivals; rivalry.

I. Conflict may help to establish unity and

II. Conflict provides an outlet for the expression of

III. Conflict also promote social change.

⮚ Most destructive in nature.

⮚ The entire national resources are directed to

⮚ The French & Russian revolutions resulted due

⮚ Refers to secondary social processes that arise out

⮚ The process by which minorities gradually adopt

⮚Refers to some kind of biological fusion

⮚ Refers to the social process whereby competing

⮚ It is an accommodative social process where the

⮚ They refer to patterned forms of social

⮚ These include competition and conflict.

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