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► Zum Beispiel : -
► ich habe Kochen von meiner Mutter gelernt.
► Ich habe mit meinem Freund Fuβball gespielt.
Modal Particle – German sentences uses a number of
modal particles or fillers.
► ‘Doch’ can have several meanings. For one, it can be used affirmatively, or it can
convey emphasis, urgency or impatience, or it can serve as a reply to a real or
imagined, or pre-emptively answered, disagreement, hesitation, or wrong
assumption on the part of the listener, or other people. In other situations this can
have different effects.
► Example :- Schmeckt’s dir nicht ? (Did’nt you like the taste)
► Doch! (Of course.)
► ‘Erst’ – The meaning is ‘first’ as we already know.. But the other connotation is
‘only’.
► Example :- Ich esse meistens erst am Abend, nach der Arbeit…
► (I eat usually only at evening, after the work)
Pronunciation of ch as (sh) or ch as kha
► If the ‘ch’ is used after the alphabets - i,e,ei, eu, ӓ,ü and ӧ then it is to be spelt as ‘sh’
► Example :- Ich, sprechen, Milch, Gesprӓch
► If the ‘ch’ is used after the alphabets - a,o,u, and au then it is to be spelt as ‘kha’
► Example :- acht, Koch, brauchen, Kuchen
Reflexive Pronomen
Reflexive verbs in German are really quite simple. Like many other languages, German
has some verbs that require a reflexive pronoun to complete a sentence. “Reflexive”
simply means that the pronoun refers back to the subject of the sentence. Compare the
following:
Ich wasche das Auto. NOT REFLEXIVE: I’m washing the car.
Ihr – beeilt euch You all hurry up Sich freuen (to rejoice)
HauptSatze(Coordinating = 7) and
Nebensatze (Subordinating = 18 ). Only a few
nebensatze are listed here.
Co ordinating Konjuktionen
Aber - But
Denn – Because/For
Oder – Or
Und – And
Ich spiele gern Tennis, aber mein Freund spielt lieber Karten.
Regel: The verb is not at the end of the sentence with this coordinating
conjunction. We are connecting two main sentences.
Subordinating Konjuntionen oder Nebensatz
Als – when, as
Damit – so that
Dass - that
Während – While
Wenn – When, if
Weil – Because
Um…zu – in order to
Note: When using a subordinating conjunction in a sentence the verb always goes to
end of the sentence with conjugation.
If the sentence also contains a modal verb, then modal verb also goes to the end with
conjugation after the main verb.
Beispiel für Subordinating Konjuktionen
W Frage:-
Regel: - When using modal verbs the main verb stays at the sentence
end infinitively.
Präpositionen (prepositions)
The Wechsel Preposition in German is used according to the movement or position of the verb.
The Rule is, if the verb is in movement then we use the accusative case and if the verb is in position then we use the
Dative case.
Wechsel Präpositionen
In- In
Auf – on
An- At
Vor- Before , In front of
Über – About, Above
Unter – Under
Hinter- Behind
Neben – Near to
Zwischen – in Between
► If the adjective ends with "-e", one "-r" is added (the "-e" is not doubled)
► Example : müde ➜ müder (tired ➜ more tired), teuer ➜ teurer (expensive ➜ more expensive)
► If the adjective ends with "-er", it can be formed regularly with + "-er" or, like the previous case, by losing the
last "-e" + "-er".lecker ➜ leckerer / leckrer (delicious➜ more delicious)
► If an adjective is a monosyllable or short, an "Umlaut" ( ¨ ) + "er" is added (usually with vowels "a",
"o" and "u"). This also happens with the superlative degree.
► krank ➜ kränker (sick ➜ sicker), alt ➜ ӓlter (old ➜older).
► If an adjective is monosyllabic (just one syllable), with vowels a, o, y and u, an "Umlaut" ( ¨ ) + "-sten" is added.
krank ➜ am kränksten (sick ➜ sickest)
► When the adjective ends with one of the consonants: "-d", "-t", "-s", "-ß", "-sch", "-x" or "-z" an "-e-" is added
between the adjective in the positive degree and the ending "-sten."
► seriös ➜ am seriösesten(serious ➜ the most serious)
► Frequent concern is about when to use am in the superlative and when not to. If the adjective is accompanied
by a noun (the attributive form) am is not used.
► Example: Tata Nano ist das billigste Auto der Welt (Tata Nano is the cheapest car in the world.)
► Irregular adjectives
Akkusativ Den hohen Baum Das hohe Haus Die hohe Kirche Die hohen Bäume
Dativ Dem hohen Baum Dem hohen Haus Der hohen Kirche Den hohen
Bäumen
Genetiv Des hohen Des hohen Der hohen Kirche Der hohen
Baums Hauses Bäumen
Adjektivendungen nach dem unbestimmten Artikel
(Adjective endings after indefinite article))
For example Der Baum Das Haus Die Kirche Die Bäume
(the tree)
Nominativ Ein hoher Ein hohes Eine hohe -
Baum Haus Kirche
Akkusativ Einen hohen Ein hohes Eine hohe -
Baum Haus Kirche
Dativ Einem Einem Einer hohen
hohen Baum hohen Haus Kirche
Genetiv Eines hohen Eines hohen Einer hohen
Baum Haus Kirche
Adjektivendungen ohne Artikel
(Adjective endings without article)
The adjective ending table for without any article before noun:
For example Der Baum Das Haus Die Kirche Die Bäume
(the tree)
Nominativ hoher Baum hohes Haus hohe Kirche hohe Bäume
1. Werden can be a main verb, not a helping verb. When it's used alone this way, it means "to become".
(Sometimes we translate this as "to turn" or "to get" in English, but it always has the meaning
of becoming.)
2. Werden can be a helping verb used to form the future tense ("will do"). When used this
way, werden is in its normal (indicative) form, and the main verb is in the infinitive (machen).
3. Werden can, as we just learned, be the helping verb which forms the passive tense ("is done/was
done"). When used for the passive, werden is in its normal (indicative) form, and the main verb is
in the participial form (gemacht).
Lokale Präpositionen mit Dativ - an.... Vorbei, bis, zu, gegenüber (to.... gone, until, to ,opposite)
Lokale Präpositionen mit Akkusativ - durch, ....entlang, um ... Herum (through.... along, to ...
around)
Temporale Prӓpositionen
(Temporal Prepositions)
zukunft
innerhalbe einer
zeitspanne
(future
within a period of
time)
vergangenheit bis
jetzt
(past until now)
Gleichzeitig
/Wӓhrend (At the
same time /during)
Genetiv
► The genitive case is used in German to express either: • possession, ownership, belonging to or
with:
For ex: -
For ex:-
► Am Anfang des Kurses haben wir viel gelernt. (We learned a lot at the beginning of the
Course .)
► Manche Seiten des Buches fehlen. (Some pages of the book are missing.)
The subjunctive forms of modal verbs are similar to mixed and weak verbs, but show slight
variations: namely, those modals that had an umlaut in their original infinitive forms show one
in the subjunctive; if there was no umlaut in the infinitive (sollen and wollen), then there is
none in the subjunctive.
For ex: - Man sollte auch Freizeit einplanen.
ich sollte
du solltest
er/es/sie sollte
ihr solltet
Wir/Sie/sie sollten
German sentence structure for the Akkusativ und Dativ
Knowing when to use the dative and accusative in a German sentence is a major hurdle. Equally as important is
the sentence structure when using the accusative and dative cases. Compared to English, there are more options,
depending on your word choice.
For instance, "I'm giving the mouse to the cat" translates to Ich gebe die Maus zur Katze. (Maus is in the
accusative, Katze is in the dative.) If we cannot remember which prepositions are dative or accusative,. In some
cases, like this one, we can omit the preposition altogether and still clearly express the intention of the sentence
by using proper noun cases and word order.
German Sentence Structure
Without the preposition zur (zu + der), We can write the sentence as follows:
Ich gebe der Katze die Maus. (Katze is dative, Maus is accusative.)
Or with a pronoun:
Keep the following rules in mind when positioning your dative and accusative objects in a sentence:
• The dative object will always come before the accusative object.
• Ich gebe ihr die Maus. ( Ihr is dative, Maus is accusative.)
• If the accusative object is a pronoun, it will always be before the dative object.
• Ich gebe sie der Katze. (sie is accusative, Katze is dative.)
A few more examples:
Gib dem Hasen die Karotte. (Give the bunny the carrot.)
Gib ihr die Karotte. (Give her the carrot.)
Gib es ihr. (Give it to her.)
Adverbien
► The subjunctive forms of modal verbs are similar to mixed and weak verbs, but show slight variations:
namely, those modals that had an umlaut in their original infinitive forms show one in the subjunctive; if
there was no umlaut in the infinitive (sollen and wollen), then there is none in the subjunctive. It's best
just to memorize these forms:
► Ich könnte gehen, wenn ...I could go, if
► Ich müsste gehen, wenn ...I would have to go, if
► Ich dürfte gehen, wenn ...I would be allowed to go, if
► Ich möchte gehen, wenn ...I would like to go, if
► Ich sollte gehen, wenn ...I should go,if
► Ich wollte gehen, wenn ...I would go, if
(Interrogativartikel) Interrogative Articles
► "Was für ein-" fragt nach dem unbestimmten Artikel. Die Frage ist offen und fragt nach einem
Adjektiv, das Auskunft, über Beschaffenheit, Qualität oder Art gibt.
► (What type/kind of a )this type of question always comes after an indefinite article.This type of
questions are open,in the sense the answer can be multiple choice and always after an adjective.. For
ex... The question could be regarding nature,quality or things.
► For ex :- Was für einen Wein möchten Sie trinken? - Einen trockenen Weißwein. (what type of wine
would you like to drink) – A dry whitewine.
► Was für eine Jacke suchen Sie? - Eine leichte Windjacke.
► Mit was für einem Flugzeug seid ihr geflogen? - Mit einem Airbus A380.
Whereas “Welch“ is used after a definite article for a choice of famous person,things
► "Welch-" fragt nach dem bestimmten Artikel und trifft eine Auswahl bekannter Personen, Sachen
oder Dingen.
► Welches Auto gehört dir? Der Porsche oder der BMW?
- Der Porsche natürlich.
► Welche Frau gefällt dir besser? Die Blonde oder die mit den langen Beinen?
- Die mit den langen Beinen. Das ist nämlich meine Frau.
► An welcher Uni studierst du?
- Ich studiere an der RWTH Aachen.
► Welchen Lehrer kannst du nicht leiden?
- Unseren Sportlehrer. Der ist wirklich sehr gemein .
Relative Sätze
KASUS MASKULIN FEMININ NEUTER PLURA
L
Nominativ Der Die Das Die
Der Roman, den ich lesen will, ist Romeo und Juliet
Der Kunde mit dem ich gerade gesprochen habe ist deutscher.
Genetiv : Die Nachbarin, derem kind in meiner Klasse war ist krank.
Du Wirst
Er/es/sie Wird
Ihr Werdet
Wir/Sie/sie Werden
► What is Moods?
It is a state of mind or spirits. There are 3
moods which apply to verbs. Indicative,
Imperative, Subjunctive. Although you may
not realise it, you have already learnt tenses
in the indicative and imperative moods.
Indicative:
Ich bin hier. A verb is in the indicative
I am here. mood
whengestern
Kam er it is used to express a real
zur Schule? Did hesituation in yesterday?
come to school
Morgen wird es regnen.
the past, present or future. It will rain tomorrow.
Imperative: a verb is in the imperative mood when it is used to express
an order or a request.
Sei still! Be quiet!
Rufen Sie mich an! Call me!
Wissen is used to express a knowledge of facts. It may take a direct object, but
more often is used with a relative clause (starting with a question word like ‘wo’,
‘wann’, ‘wer’, etc).
Kennen is a regular verb, but wissen is not. Here is the conjugation for both
verbs:
Kennst du seine Schwester? Do you know his sister (have you met her)?
Ich kenne Madison sehr gut. I know Madison very well (I’m familiar with
Madison).
Kennst du Kafkas “Die Do you know Kafka’s “The Metamorphosis”?
Verwandlung”?
Kennen und Wissen Conjugation
kennen (to be wissen (to
familiar with, know facts)
know)
ich kenne wir kennen ich weiß wir wissen
du kennst ihr kennt du weißt ihr wisst
er/sie/ kennt sie/ kennen er/sie/ weiß sie/ wissen
es Sie es Sie