SHORT STORY

• SHORT STORY IS A PART OF A NORMALLY READ ONE-

SHORT STORY
TIME NOVEL THAT FOCUSES ON A SELF CONTAINED
OR SERIES OF INTERRELATED EVENTS AIMED AT
CREATING A SINGLE EFFECT OR MOOD.
• MODERN SHORT STORIES WERE DEVELOPED IN THE
EARLY 19th CENTURY.
• SHORT STORY IS FULLY DEVELOPED STORY THAT IS
SHORTER THAN THE NOVEL AND LONGER THAN THE
PARABLE.
• SHORT STORIES FOCUS ON MAJOR OR MINOR
INCIDENTS AND EVOKE STRONG EMOTIONS FOR
THE READER.
• SHORT STORIES OFTEN INCLUDE SOME
CHARACTERS IN THE PLOT.
• SHORT STORIES ARE ONE OF THE OLDEST TYPES OF
LITERATURE AND HAVE EXISTED IN VARIOUS
ANCIENT COMMUNITIES AROUND THE WORLD.
 ELEMENTS
OF A
SHORT STORY
 5 ELEMENTS OF A SHORT
STORY

SETTINGS CHARACTERS CONFLICT

PLOT THEME
SETTING

-WHEN AND WHERE A STORY HAPPENS

- HELPS IN CREATING THE ATMOSPHERE

OF THE STORY

EXAMPLE:

PLACE: AT CHURCH, IN THE MARKET, UNDER THE BRIDGE,

NEAR THE HOSPITAL, IN THE FOREST, BY THE BEACH

TIME: LAST JANUARY, BY WINTER, LAST NEW YEAR, DURING

SUMMER, ON CHRISTMAS DAY, ON HIS BIRTHDAY
CHARACTER

-IS THE PERSON OR ANIMAL THAT

PORTRAYS IN THE STORY

- HAS SIX TYPES: PROTAGONIST,

ANTAGONIST, STATIC, DYNAMIC,
ROUND FLAT

- IS INTRODUCE THROUGH
“CHARACTERIZATION” OR THE
PRESENTATION OF THE CHARACTER’S
MOTIVES THROUGH HIS “SAT”
SPEECH, ACTION,THOUGHTS
TYPES OF CHARACTER
PROTAGONIST
- IS THE GOOD CHARACTER
- IS OFTEN OPPOSED, EXPLOITED, OR VICTIMIZED

ANTAGONIST
- IS THE BAD CHARACTER
- CAUSE PROBLEMS AND SUFFERINGS TO THE CHARACTERS

STATIC
- IS THE CHARACTER WHO DOES NOT CHANGE
- IS CONSISTENTLY BAD OR GOOD FROM THE BEGGING UP TO
END OF THE STORY

DYNAMIC
- IS THE CHARACTER WHO CHANGES
- TRANSFORMS FROM BEING BAD TO GOOD OR GOOD TO BAD

ROUND
- IS THE CHARACTER THAT IS HARD TO DESCRIBE & PREDICT
- HAS MANY QUALITIES & EMOTIONS
CONFLICT

- IS THE PROBLEM WHICH THE MAIN

CHARACTERS NEED TO SOLVE
- CAN BE CATEGORIZE INTO 2 WHICH IS
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
INTERNAL
CONFLICT

THE CHARACTER’S PROBLEM IS CAUSED BY HIS OWN LIMITATIONS &

WEAKNESSES

MAN VS HIMSELF
- A PERSON IS STRUGGLING BECAUSE OF
HIMSELF
EXTERNAL
CONFLICT

THE CHARACTER’S PROBLEM IS CAUSED BY THE PEOPLE OR THING

AROUND HIM

MAN VS MAN
-A CHARACTER IS STRUGGLING BECAUSE OF
OTHER CHARACTER’S DECISION OR ACTION.

MAN VS NATURE
- AA CHARACTER IS STRUGGLING BECAUSE OF
UNEXPECTED EVENT IN THE ENVIRONMENT.

MAN VS SOCIETY
- A CHARACTER IS STRUGGLING BECAUSE OF
THE BELIEFS AND RULES OF THE SOCIETY.
 PLOT

- IS THE LIST AND SEQUENCE OF

EVENTS IN THE STORY

- HAS 5 PARTS: EXPOSITION, RISING

ACTION, CLIMAX, FALLING ACTION,
RESOLUTION OR ENDING

PARTS OF PLOT
EXPOSITION
-IS THE BEGINNING PART OF THE STORY. IT
INTRODUCES THE CHARACTERS, THE SETTING,
AND THE CONFLICT
- HAPPENS WHEN THE CONFLICT IS
ADDRESSED BY THE MAIN CHARACTERS IN
THE STORY. IT IS THE PART WHEN THE
PROTAGONIST FACES “CRISIS” OR UNSTABLE
STATE
CLIMAX
-IS THE MOST INTERESTING AND BREATHAKING
POINT OF THE STORY. IT PRESENTS THE
PROTAGONIST’S MOST CHALLENGING MOMENT.
FALLING ACTION
- HAPPENS INSTANTLY AFTER THE CLIMAX. IT
REVEALS THE CONSEQUENCES, EITHER GOOD
OR BAD, THE CHARACTER NEED TO DEAL WITH
AFTER THE TURNING POINT OF EVENT
RESOLUTION OR ENDING
- TELLS WHAT HAPPENS TO THE CHARACTERS
AFTER THE PROBLEM OR CONFLICT OF BEING
RESOLVED. IT LEAVES READERS A CERTAIN
EMOTION SUCH AS SADNESS, HAPPINESS,
THEME

- IS WHAT A TORY ALL ABOUT

- CAN BE EXPRESSED IN ONE WORD

LIKE “LOVE”, “FRIENDHIP”, AND
SOLITUDE.

- IS THE “CENTRAL IDEA” OR “MAIN

MESSAGE” THE AUTHOR WANTS HIS
READERS TO UNDERSTAND AND TO
LIVE BY
 LITERATURE DURING
AMERICAN PERIOD
AUTHORS AND THEIR NOTABLE WORKS DURING AMERCAN PERIOD
 PAZ MARQUEZ BENITEZ
• On March 3, 1894, educator Paz Marquez-Benitez , who
authored the first Filipino modern English-language short
story "Dead Stars", was born in Lucena City, Quezon.

• Benitez was among the first generation of Filipinos trained

in the American education system which used English as
the medium of instruction.

• She founded "Woman's Home Journal", the first women's

magazine in the country. In 1928, she compiled "Filipino
Love Stories," reportedly the first anthology of Philippine
stories in English by Filipinos, from the works of her
students.
•
• She died on November 10, 1983. The annually held Paz
Marquez-Benitez Lectures (Ateneo) honors her memory
by focusing on the contributions of Filipino women writers
to Philippine Literature in the English language .
 DEAD STAR
Alfredo is engage with Esperanza but one day, when Alfredo visit the Judge Villa with
his father. This is where he met Julia Salas. They became close and Alfredo and his
father visit more often. Until Alfredo realize that he was attracted or should I say, he
realize that he was in love with her.
One day, Esperanza asked Alfredo about something that has changed on the way he
treated her. She asked why Alfredo did not wait for her to come out of the church
anymore. Alfredo told her that he was busy and sometimes he and his father go to
Judge Valle's house. Esperanza understood. One day, Alfredo's father invited Judge and
his family on a vacation. There, Esperanza told Alfredo that they are leaving. That they
will go back on their real house.
The two met on last time on the street one night. Apparently, Julia learned about the
engagement and congratulated him. That time, it was their final goodbye. Now Alfredo
is married to Esperanza and he is very happy but still, he cannot forget Julia. That's
why, he looked for her after 8 years. On the day he finally saw her, Alfredo realized
that he wasn't already attracted to her like before and only Esperanza was the one on
her heart.
 MANUEL ESTABILLO
ARGUILLA
• Ilocano writer, Born on June 17, 1911 in Nagrebcan, Bauang, La
Union
• Son of Crisanto Arguilla a farmer and Margarita Estabillo a potter.
• Married to Lydia Villanueva, an artist and a writer just like him.
• attended elementary and high school in San Fernando, and during
his tertiary education he entered the University of the Philippines.
• He was the Editor-in-Chief of his school newsletter , the la Union
Tab.
• His love for scribbling words made him join the UP writers club,
and eventually he became the president and the editor of the UP
literary apprentice
• He finished his education in 1933
• He writes in English, and is widely known fir his short story " How
my Brother Leon Brought home a Wife". And this short story
written by him made him win first prize in the commonwealth
literary contest in 1940.
• His stories are written he was 22-29 years old and compiled in a
book called How my brother Leon Brought home a wife and is
published in 1940. He was imprisoned in Fort Santiago along with
his family.
• Died at the age of 33 in October 1944
 HOW MY BROTHER LEON BROUGHT HOME A WIFE
Leon and his wife Maria are about to return to Leon’s village after getting
married. They had met in the city and Maria has never lived in a village. They are
greeted by Baldo, Leon’s younger sibling, as their horse carriage stops outside
the village. Baldo welcomes the new member of the family. He is impressed by
her beauty and soft feature. He observes her nice fragrance and radiant smile.
He ties their bull, named Labang, to the cart and Leon hauls their trunk on it.
Baldo encourages Maria to touch Labang’s hair and horns. She is awestruck at
Labang’s strength and horns. Leon helps her on the cart and she sits on a bale
of husk. They start their journey and Leon has the reins. After going a little
further, Baldo takes the reins and takes a sudden route change into the rocky
road of Waig and surrounding fields. Leon enquiries about the change of route
and Baldo assure him that he is only following their father’s orders. Baldo and
Leon both question Maria about her views about their village, fields and rocky
roads. She is enthralled by the natural beauty and simple lifestyle. She
condemns the sheer number of vehicles and noise in the city. She loves the
starry and clear skies over the lush fields.
She and Leon even start to sing a song that Leon was taught by his father about
the sowed fields under clear skies. They meet a couple of people after coming
out of the fields but not many as most people avoid using the fields after dark.
They finally reach their house and are welcomed by Leon’s mother and sister.
They are smiling and excited. Leon enquiries about his father who is in his room
struggling with leg pain (injured in the revolution). Baldo goes to tie Labang and
when he returns he finds Maria talking and crying with his mother and sister. His
hears his father’s call and goes to meet him. His father questions about Maria’s
conduct and her behaviour throughout their journey to the house. It was test
designed to see if she can adjust and accept the life of the village and make it
her home. Baldo reassures him about her live for Leon and commitment to their
marriage. He confirms his observation that Maria was ready to embrace their
house as her home. Their conversation is disturbed as the new couple enters to
meet with the father. Baldo leaves the room giving them some space with the
head of the family.
GUIDE QUESTIONS:

State the main characters in the story

and what is the name of the bull?

Who is Maria in the story? And what is

her lifestyle before he met Leon?

What are the values or Moral lesson we

can get in the story?
 THREE OTHER AUTHOR’S
WITH THEIR NOTABLE WORKS
IN SHORT STORY
DURING AMERICAN PERIOD
 NICK JOAQUIN

• Nick Joaquin, by name of Nicomedes Joaquin,

(born May 4, 1917, Paco, Manila, Philippines—
died April 29, 2004, San Juan), Filipino novelist,
poet, playwright, essayist, and biographer whose
works present the diverse heritage of the Filipino
people. Joaquin’s other works included the short-
story collections Tropical Gothic (1972) and
Stories for Groovy Kids (1979), the play Tropical
Baroque (1979), and the collections of poetry The
Ballad of the Five Battles (1981) and Collected
Verse (1987).
 NESTOR VICENTE MADALI
GONZALES

• N.V.M. or Néstor Vicente Madali González has released seven (7)

collections of his short stories. His first book of short fiction, Seven Hills
Away and Other Stories, was published in 1947 in the United States
(Denver, Colorado) by Allan Swallow Press. His final short story
collection, A Grammar of Dreams and Other Stories was published by the
University of the Philippines Press in 1997. This was the same year that
Gonzales was proclaimed as a National Artist of the Philippines. Gonzales
died two years later on November 28, 1999.
• Short Stories:
• 1. "The Tomato Game".1992
• 2. A Grammar of Dreams and Other Stories. University of the Philippines
Press, 1997
• 3. The Bread of Salt and Other Stories. Seattle: University of Washington
Press, 1993; University of the Philippines Press, 1993
• 4. Mindoro and Beyond: Twenty-one Stories. Quezon City: University of
the Philippines Press, 1981; New Day, 1989
• 5. Selected Stories. Denver, Colorado: Alan Swallow, 1964
• 6. Look, Stranger, on this Island Now. Manila: Benipayo, 1963
• 7. Children of the Ash-Covered Loam and Other Stories. Manila:
Benipayo, 1954; Bookmark Filipino Literary Classic, 1992
 JOSE GARCIA VILLA

• José García Villa -Jose Garcia Villa (1908–1997)

was a Filipino poet, writer, and critic. He used the
pen name “Doveglion,” which was a combination
of the words “dove,” “eagle,” and “lion” and was
what he believed was his true persona.
• His notable works include The Anchored Angel,
The Emperor’s New Sonnet, and Footnote to
Youth. Short Stories: Footnote to Youth: Tales of
the Philippines and Others (1933) Charlie Chan
Is Dead (1993) Mir-i-Nisa (1929) – best short
story of the year Philippine Short Stories, best 25
stories of 1928 (1929)