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    TERMS

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    Claudia Jaukin
    The document defines key chemical terms including amide, amine, carbocation, chiral, condensation reaction, elimination reaction, enantiomers, geometric isomers, homologous series, nitrile, nucleophile, nucleophilic substitution, optical isomers, reaction pathway, stereoisomers, and steric hindrance.

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    TERMS

    Uploaded by

    Claudia Jaukin
    13 views15 pages
    The document defines key chemical terms including amide, amine, carbocation, chiral, condensation reaction, elimination reaction, enantiomers, geometric isomers, homologous series, nitrile, nucleophile, nucleophilic substitution, optical isomers, reaction pathway, stereoisomers, and steric hindrance.

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    The document defines key chemical terms including amide, amine, carbocation, chiral, condensation reaction, elimination reaction, enantiomers, geometric isomers, homologous series, nitrile, nucleophile, nucleophilic substitution, optical isomers, reaction pathway, stereoisomers, and steric hindrance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    13 views15 pages

    TERMS

    Uploaded by

    Claudia Jaukin
    The document defines key chemical terms including amide, amine, carbocation, chiral, condensation reaction, elimination reaction, enantiomers, geometric isomers, homologous series, nitrile, nucleophile, nucleophilic substitution, optical isomers, reaction pathway, stereoisomers, and steric hindrance.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 15

    TERMS

    &
    DEFINITIONS
    Amide

    A functional group considered as a derivative of the carboxylic acid group in


    which the −OH of the carboxyl group is replaced by −NH2. It is represented as
    −CONH2.
    Amine

    A functional group made up of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms.


    This −NH2 group (known as an amino group) replaces one hydrogen in the
    structure of an alkane.
    Carbocation

    The positively charged species formed following the heterolytic fission of the C
    – X bond in a halogenalkane

    Chiral

    A chiral molecule and its mirror image cannot be placed so they match exactly.
    A chiral molecule lacks a plane of symmetry in the molecule. A chiral carbon in
    a molecule is one that has four different substituents attached.
    Condensation reaction

    A reaction in which two molecules containing functional groups react and join
    together with the formation of a small molecule (often water).

    Elimination reaction

    The removal of a hydrogen halide HX from a halogenoalkane to form an alkene.


    Occurs in competition with substitution reactions when a halogenoalkane is
    reacted with a nucleophile.

    E1 (unimolecular elimination)

    An elimination reaction in which the rate of reaction depends on the concentration


    of the halogenoalkane only: Rate = k[RX]. In the two-step process a carbocation
    forms slowly by the spontaneus heterolytic fission of the C – X bond in a
    halogenalkane .A base then removes a hydrogen atom from the carbon atom
    adjacent to the C–X carbon atom.
    E2 (bimolecular elimination)

    An elimination eaction in which the rate of reaction depends on the concentration of


    the halogenoalkane and the base (B): Rate = k[B][RX]. In the one-step process the
    base attacks a hydrogen atom on the carbon atom adjacent o the C–X carbon atom,
    forming a transition state with partially formed C–X, C–H, B–H and C=C bonds.

    Enantiomers

    Isomers that are that not identical to their mirror images; non-superimposable
    mirror images. Enantiomers rotate plane-polarized light to the same extent, but in
    opposite directions. One is therefore the (−) or l-form, the other the (+) or d-form.

    Geometric isomers

    Molecules with the same molecular formula and structural formula, but with
    different spatial arrangements of atoms due to restricted rotation about a double
    bond or a ring structure.
    Heterolytic fission

    The breaking of a covalent bond in which one of the atoms involved in the bond
    retains both electrons from the bonds, forming an anion.

    Homologous series

    A family of compounds that share the same general formula, similar chemical
    properties, same functional group.

    Nitrile

    A functional group made up of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom,


    represented as –CN; sometimes called cyanides or cyano compounds.

    Nucleophile

    An electron-rich, nucleus-loving species. A reactant with a non-bonding electron


    pair, or a negative charge that is attracted to a centre of positive charge.
    Nucleophilic substitution

    A substitution reaction in which a nucleophile is attracted to a positively charged


    centre.

    Optical isomers

    Molecules with the same molecular and structural formulas, but with different
    spatial arrangements of atoms. Molecules that are not identical to their mirror
    image. Also known as enantiomers.

    Reaction pathway

    A series of steps that traces the reaction of a reactant to form a product which it
    cannot form directly.

    Stereoisomers

    Molecules with the same molecular and structural formulas, but with different
    spatial arrangements of atoms. Two types occur, geometric and optical.
    Steric hindrance

    A change in reactivity due to the spatial arrangement of groups of atoms. It


    includes the tendency of bulky alkyl groups to crowd the approach of an attacking
    species, or the crowding by groups of atoms within the same molecule.
    Concepts

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