Seminar: Subject: Transmission and Distribution Subject Code: Ee3401 Assignment - 2

SUBJECT : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
SUBJECT CODE : EE3401
ASSIGNMENT -2
SEMINAR
TOPIC : TYPES OF TOWERS & INSULATORS & TESTING OF
INSULATORS
PREPARED BY
1.YASAR ARAFATH S-913321105032

 TYPES OF TOWERS :
>The structure which are used to support the transmission
line are called towers.
>The performance of transmission line depends design of
the towers.
The basic requirements of a towers,
>must be mechanically strong.

>maintenance cost must be low.
>must be light in weight.
>must be long losting having a longer life.
>must be economical.
>should not affect appearance of the locality.
WOODEN POLES :
>Wooden structures hence

simplest and cheapest.
>The structure are used to low
voltage.
>The main lamination of such a
tower is that it is elastic and tend
to dacay .
>It life is short.
REINFORCED CONCRETE POLE :
>The reinforced concrete pole for

the tower is popular of recent
time.
>The towers are mechanically very
strong and maintenance cost is low.
>The tower is very strong.
>There are used for system up to 33kv
voltage level.
STEEL TUBULAR POLES:
>These towers are designed for high

and extra high voltage transmission
line.
>The tower used for larger spans.
>It is for larger life, such towers

must be galvanized.
>These are used for system upto

33kv voltage level.
LATTICED STEEL TOWERS:
There are classified at three towers,

1.self supporting towers
2. guyed towers
3. chain net type towers
>The steel towers are very commonly used as these suitable
for system voltages higher than 33kv.
>The towers are mechanically very strong and have larger
life.
>light weight and economical.
>There are useful for crossing valleys, railways lines, rivers,
etc.
INSULATORS:
>Insulator must be used in electrical system to prevent unwanted
flow of current to the earth from its supporting points.
>Insulator provide necessary insulation between line conductors
and supports.
INSULATING MATERIALS :
1.porcelain- used in 33kv. made of aluminium silicate is mixed

with plastic, feldspar, quartz –heat.
2.Glass-The glass is made tough by annealing. Cheaper.
3.Synthetic resin-Manufactured from silicon, rubber, resin etc.
TYPES OF INSULATORS:
1. PIN TYPE INSULATOR:

> This insulator is used for up to 33kv level.
>the conductor passes through the groove on the
upper end and is bound by the binding wire of
soft copper or soft aluminium.
>when the insulators are wet their outer surface
is almost conducting.to keep the inner side of the
insulator dry, the rain sheds are provided or now
a days surfaces are provided with petticoats.
>this insulator is made of porcelain insulating
material.
2.SUSPENSION TYPE INSULATORS:
>These insulators have number of porcelain disc units.
>These units are connected to one another in series with the help
of metal links.
>The top most insulator unit is connected to cross arm of the
tower.
>In this type insulators conductor connected in insulator bottom.
>This type insulator used up to 33kv.
ADVANTAGES:
>In any disc fail easily replace it.
>It is more flexibility.
>mechanical stresses on the line are minimum.
3.STRAIN INSULATORS:
>These insulators are used when there

is dead end of the line or corner or line
is at a sharp curve or the line is crossing
the river etc.
>These insulators reduce the excessive
tension on the line.
>The discs of the strain insulators are in
a vertical plane instead of the horizontal
plane as in the suspension insulators.
>In case of conditions like crossing of
the river, there is excessive tension on
the line.in such case, two or more strings
of the insulators are used in parallel.
4.SHAKLE INSULATOR:
>These are also called spool insulators.

>These are primarily used for low
voltage distribution lines.
>These insulators can be used in
horizontal position or in vertical
position.
>These are used at the dead end of the
aerial wire.
>This insulators directly connect to the
pole.
5.STAY INSULATORS:
>The stay insulators are also called egg

insulators.
>These are primarily used for low voltage
distribution lines.
>The stay insulators are used on stay wire
to create insulation between pole and stay
clamp.
>It is usually made of porcelain.
>It has two holes for the stay wires and the
design is such that in case the insulator
breaks then the stay wire will not fall on the
ground.
TESTING OF INULATORS:
The insulators are treated according to the standards. They

are five insulators.
1.mechanical test
2.electrical insulation test
3.environmental test
4.temporary test
5.corona and radio interferance test
MECHANICAL TEST:
The mechanical test are performed

to judge the ability of on
insulation to with stand various
mechanical stresses.
>mechanical strength test

>compression test
>torsional test
> minimum pending test
>mechanical vibration test
ELECRICAL INSULATION TEST:
these test are performed to judge the

electrical properties of the insulation
under test. The main test in this
category in the flash over test.
1.power frequency with stand test:

>normal power frequency
voltage is continuously applied to the
insulator. The flash over is avoided.
2.impulse voltage test.
ENVIRONMENT
AND TEMPORARY
CYCLE TEST:
In these test insulator is

subjected to the alternate
temperature cycles,
sudden temperature
changes, pollution
changes, externaly low
temperature test and
pollution test.
CORONA AND RADIO INTERFERANCE
TEST:
When the voltage stress level increases beyond

corona infraction level , corona discharge starts.
Voltage rings, smooth surface and high size of
conductors.
Other important test:

1.porosity test
2. proof load test
3.cralvanising test
4.corrosion test

Seminar: Subject: Transmission and Distribution Subject Code: Ee3401 Assignment - 2

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SUBJECT : TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

SUBJECT CODE : EE3401

1.YASAR ARAFATH S-913321105032

The basic requirements of a towers,

>must be mechanically strong.

>Wooden structures hence

>The reinforced concrete pole for

>These towers are designed for high

>The tower used for larger spans.

>It is for larger life, such towers

>These are used for system upto

There are classified at three towers,

1.porcelain- used in 33kv. made of aluminium silicate is mixed

1. PIN TYPE INSULATOR:

>These insulators are used when there

>These are also called spool insulators.

>The stay insulators are also called egg

The insulators are treated according to the standards. They

The mechanical test are performed

>mechanical strength test

these test are performed to judge the

1.power frequency with stand test:

In these test insulator is

When the voltage stress level increases beyond

Other important test:

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