C# Fundamentals

Quenneth Kyle Surban

Microsoft Student Partner
Why use the C# language?
 What can you do???

…
Develop UNIVERSAL Develop Use it for And so
Windows apps websites cross-platform app much more
development
Overview
• Basic program structure
• Common Data Types and Variables
• Conditional Statements
• Loops
• Classes, Properties and Methods
• Collections
• Language Integrated Query (LInQ)
Basic Program Structure

Visual Studio
Demo: Hello World!

Visual Studio
Hello World!
using System;

namespace HelloWorldDemo
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
Hello World!
using System;

namespace HelloWorldDemo Namespace

{ • This provides a way to organize
class Program related classes and other types
{
static void Main(string[] args) • Consider it as a folder for all of
{ your classes
Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
Hello World!
using System;

namespace HelloWorldDemo Classes

{ • This is a template for objects
class Program • Normally, it contains your properties
{
and method
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
Hello World!
using System;

namespace HelloWorldDemo Main() method

{ • This is first method that the
class Program application runs (for Console
{
Applications)
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
Hello World!
using System;

namespace HelloWorldDemo using Directive

{ • This calls libraries that your application
class Program will use
• Call libraries using their namespace
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello World");
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
Data Types and Variables

Visual Studio
Common Data Types
• int – -1, 0, 3, 100, 1000, -500
• long – -50000000, 80000000,
• float – -5.76, -3.666, 8.45, 10.0
• double – -783.345793, 384.94928
• char – A, 5, !
• string – Hello World
• bool – true, false, 1, 0
Variables
• Variables are used to hold a value (Just like Math)
• In programming, variables hold a specific type of data
• Syntax:
[dataType] [variableName] = [value Optional];
• Access data by using the variable name
Arrays
• Arrays are “special variables” that can hold a set of data
• Syntax:
[dataType][] [variableName] = new [datatype] [Size];
• Example:
int[] numbers=new int[5];
int[] numbers=new int[5]{1,2,3,4,5}
• Access the data by using the variable name and index (position).

Note: The first index starts with 0 not 1.

Demo: Variables and Arrays

Visual Studio
Conditional Statements

Visual Studio
Conditional Statements
• Computer instructions are executed sequentially (by default)
• Conditional statements allows select instructions to run based
on the comparison of two or more data
• In the most basic sense, it involves a YES/NO Question
• Two Types of Conditional Statements
• If – Else Statement
• Switch Statement
If…Else… Statements
Syntax: If… Else… checks the condition and
if(condition) runs the code that follows if its
true. Otherwise, it runs the other
{ one.
Instructions
} Conditions (YES/NO Question)
Else returns a Boolean value. It can
come from:
{ • Comparator and Logical
Instructions Operators
} • Boolean variables
If…Else… Statements
Syntax: Comparators
if(condition) • Equal (==)
{ • Greater than (>)
Instructions • Less than (<)
} • Not Equal (!=)
Else Logical Operators
{ • And (&&)
Instructions
• Or (||)
}
If Else - How it works
if(1>0)
{
Console.WriteLine(“True”);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine(“False”);
}
If Else - How it works
if(-1>0)
{
Console.WriteLine(“True”);
}
else
{
Console.WriteLine(“False”);
}
Switch Statements
Syntax: The switch statement…
switch(variable)
• Compares the value of the
{
variable to each case values
case [value1]:
instruction • When both values are the
break; same, it runs the code that
case [value2]: follows
instruction • The break is used to jump out
break; of the switch statement
…
}
Switch - How it works
switch(1)
{
Output:
case 0:
WriteLine(“Zero”);
break;
case 1:
One
WriteLine(“One”);
break;
case 2:
WriteLine(“Two”);
break;
}
Switch - How it works
switch(1)
{ Be sure to use break. Otherwise,
case 0:
instructions will run sequentially
WriteLine(“Zero”);
break;
case 1:
WriteLine(“One”); Output:
case 2:
WriteLine(“Two”); One
break;
} Two
Demo: Control Statements

Visual Studio
Loops

Visual Studio
Loops
• In this context, to loop is to 4 Loop Statements
repeat • For Loop
• It allows the repetition of a • While Loop
set of instructions several
times • Do…While Loop
• For each Loop
For Loop
• A loop whereby you check whether a particular condition is true
before you repeat the set of instructions
• Syntax:
for (initializer; condition; iterator) { instructions }

Where:
The initializer is a local variable to serve as a loop counter
The condition is what determines how many times the instruction is
repeated
The iterator is what happens to the loop counter after executing the
set of instructions
For Loop
Scenario: Code:
Display the following:
Console.WriteLine(1);
1 Console.WriteLine(2);
2 Console.WriteLine(3);
3 Console.WriteLine(4);
4 Console.WriteLine(5);
5
For Loop
Another Solution: Output:

for(int counter=1; 1
counter<6; 2
counter++) 3
{ 4
Console.WriteLine(counter) 5
}
While Loop
• This is a loop that first checks if a condition is met. If its true, it
will repeat the instruction until it becomes false. Otherwise, it
will skip the instructions.
• Consider it a repeating if statement
• Syntax
while(condition)
{
statement;
}
While Loop
Output: int number=1;
while(number<6)
1 {
2 Console.WriteLine(number);
3 number++;
4 }
5
Do…While Loop
• The do…while loop executes the set of instructions once and
then repeats if the condition is met.
• Syntax
do
{
statement
}
while(condition)
Do…While Loop
Output: int number=1;
do
1 {
2 Console.WriteLine(number);
3 number++;
4 }
5 while(number<6);
While VS Do…While

While Loop Do…While Loop

int number=1; int number=1;
while(number<1) do
{ {
Console.WriteLine(number);
Console.WriteLine(number);
number++;
number++;
}
} while(number<1);

Output: Output: 1
For Each Loop
• Mainly used for looping through Arrays and Collections
• The number of loops it does is based on the number of items
on the array or collection
• Syntax
foreach([dataType] [variableName] in [variableNameOfArray/Collection])
{
instruction
}
For Each Loop
int[] list=new int[5]{1,4,9,34,12); Output

foreach(int number in list) 1

{ 4
Console.WriteLine(number); 9
} 34
12
Demo: Loops

Visual Studio
Classes

Visual Studio
Objects
• What are objects?
• In real life, it is a tangible and
visible entity
• In computing, objects are
virtual items or entity

• Objects are characterized by:

• Data that defines it (Properties)
• Methods of operation
(Methods)
Classes
• This is the blueprint or
template of any objects.
• It defines properties and
methods that is applicable to
an object
Members of a Class: Properties
• This is a data member
• It is variable that is always present in the object
• This typically holds characteristics of an object
• Syntax:
Read/Write: public [dataType] [propertyName] { get; set;}
ReadOnly: public [dataType] [propertyName] { get; }
WriteOnly: public [dataType] [propertyName] { get; set;}
Member of a Class: Methods
• This is a function member
• This is a set of instructions for manipulating data
• Syntax:
public [returnType] [methodName] ([parameters Optional])
{instructions}

The returnType is determines data type of the result (Use void if no result
is needed)
The methodName is the name used to call the method
The parameters are data needed to perform the operation. They are
defined by [dataType] [parameterName].
Characteristics??? SKILLS???
Ideal Basketball Player
• Characteristics • Skills
 Height  Dribbling
 Weight  Shooting
 Name  Passing
 Age
Demo: Create a Class

Visual Studio
Creating an Object
• Classes are just templates
• To create an object, you need to specify which template(class) it
will use in order for it to be built (instantiated).
• Two Ways to Instantiate an Object
• Default Constructor – create an object with blank properties
[className] [objectName] = new [className]();
• Object Initializer – create an object with properties
[className] [objectName] = new [className]()
{ [propety1 = value1], [property2 = value2], …};
Demo:
Creating and Using an Object

Visual Studio
Collections

Visual Studio
Collections
• Collections provide a more flexible way to work with
groups/sets of objects
• A collection is a class, so you must declare an instance of the
class before you can add elements to that collection
• Commonly Used Collections
• List<T>
• Queue<T> (First IN, First OUT)
• Stack <T> (Last IN, First OUT)

Note: T must be substituted with a data type or class

Collection VS Array

Collection Array
• Dynamic • Fixed
• The number of data that it • The number of data it can
can hold is infinite hold is fixed during its
instantiation.
List Collection Initializer
• To immediately populate your Collection with data, use
Collection Initializers
• Syntax:
List<T> [variableName] = new List<T>()
{
[Object Initializer], [Object Initializer], …
};
Demo: List Collection

Visual Studio
Language Integrated Query
(LINQ)

Visual Studio
Language Integrated Query
• LINQ (Language Integrated Query) integrates query syntax
inside the C# programming language, making it possible to
access different data sources with the same syntax.
• Common Query Clauses
• From
• Where
• OrderBy
• Descending
• Select
Using Language Integrated Query
Example:

var USRacers = from racerList in getRacers()

where racerList.Country = “US”
orderby racerList.LastName descending
select racerList
Using LINQ Extension Methods
Example

List<Racer> USRacer=getRacers()
.Where(racerList => racerList.Country==“US)
.OrderByDescending(racerList => racerList.LastName)
.ToList();
Demo: LINQ

Visual Studio
What we’ve discussed
• Basic program structure
• Common Data Types and Variables
• Conditional Statements
• Loops
• Classes, Properties and Methods
• Collections
• Language Integrated Query (LInQ)
Resources
• C# Programming Guide
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/67ef8sbd.aspx
http://bit.ly/1LWeKsO
• C# Fundamental for Absolute Beginners
http://bit.ly/1HA4YdZ

• Microsoft Developer Network – http://msdn.microsoft.com

• Windows Dev Center – http://dev.windows.com
• Microsoft Virtual Academy – http://aka.ms/mva
C# Fundamentals
Quenneth Kyle Surban
Microsoft Student Partner
Quenneth.Surban@studentpartner.com