RADAR

RADAR
BY
SUNIL KUMAR
QUALITY INTERNATIONAL SERVICES
Introduction
• RADAR is acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging.
• Radar is an electromagnetic system for the detection & location of objects.
• Detection refers to whether the target is present or not. The target can be stationary or moving.
• Ranging refers to the distance between the Radar and the Target.
• Radar was evolved just before the World War -2 and it has given birth to Microwave
Technologies
• It uses electromagnetic waves.
• Radar can see through conditions such as: darkness, haze, fog, rain, and snow which is not
possible for human vision.
Principle of Working
Range
• The distance between Radar and Target is called Range of the target, R.
• Let the time taken for the signal to travel from Radar to target and back to
Radar be ` T `.
• The two way distance between the Radar and target will be 2R.
Pulse Repetition Frequency
• The duration between the two clock pulses must be selected in such a way
that the echo signal corresponding to present clock pulse should be
received before the next clock pulse.
• The number of Radar pulses transmitted per sec is known as Pulse
Repetition Frequency, PRF.
• The time interval between the successive clock pulses is called Pulse
Repetition Time, PRT.
Maximum Unambiguous Range
• The range beyond which targets appear as second-time-around echoes is
called the maximum unambiguous range.
• Echoes that arrive after the transmission of the next pulse are called
second-time- around(or multiple-time-around) echoes.
Minimum Range
• Minimum range of the target is calculated when the time required for the
echo signal to receive at Radar after the signal being transmitted from the
Radar as pulse width.
• It is also known as the shortest range of target.
Radar Range Equation
• R max = [P t G б A e /(4П)2Smin]1/4
• G = 4ПAe / λ2
• A e = Gλ2 / 4П
• R max = [Pt Gλ2б / (4П)2 S min]1/4
• Where Pr = power received
• Pt = power transmitted G = antenna gain
• б = radar cross section of target A e = effective area
Types of Radar
CONTINUOUS WAVE RADAR
Advantages & Disadvantages
• Advantages
• Uses low transmitting power, low power consumption.
• simple circuitry, small in size.
• High level of performance, less cost.
• Better accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity.
• Good data acquisition speed.
• Disadvantages
• several targets at a given bearing tend to cause confusion.
• Range discrimination can be achieved only by introducing very costly complex circuitry.
• It is not capable of indicating the range of target an can show only its velocity.
• Experiences additional losses termed duty cycle losses.
Gated CW (Continuous Wave) Radar
• It operate on the principle of pulsed transmit signal and gated receive
path, along with an IF section of the receiver.
• Does not pass the entire received pulse of frequency, but only the central
component.
• Gated-CW radars have generally been implemented using vector network
analyzers (VNAs) as the IF receivers.
CW (Continuous Wave) Radar Block Diagram
Applications of CW (Continuous Wave) Radar
•Collision avoidance.
•Velocity of missiles
•Speed of large ships.
•CW radar can be used as a speedometer to replace the conventional tachometer
in Railways
•Control of traffic lights
•Police speed monitor
Pulse Radar
• Pulsed radar transmits high power, high- frequency pulses toward the target.
• Choice of pulse repetition frequency decides the range and resolution of the radar.
• Two broad categories of pulsed radar employing Doppler shifts are Moving Target
Indicator Radar and Pulse Doppler Radar.
Moving Target Indicator Radar
• This radar uses Doppler effect .
• MTI radar distinguishes between moving targets and stationary targets.
• The MTI Radar uses low pulse repetition frequency (PRF) to avoid range
ambiguities.
• MTI Radars can have Doppler ambiguities.
Principal of Working
MTI Application in UAVS
• UAV Stands for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.
• These aircraft are without pilot on board.
• One specific area of interest that has been closely examined by the UAVB
has been in the area of cross-cueing applications Moving Target Indicator
(MTI).
• JSTARS and TESARS are two type of UAVS used by US Air force.
Resolving Velocity Ambiguity
• Earlier multiple prf was used.
• Velocity ambiguity can be resolved by transmitting many carrier
frequency.
• fnd= nfr+f’nd
• Where f’nd is doppler frequency fnd = 2Vt fn/c
• fr= 2vnfn/c
• Therefore Vt = nVn+V’nt
Comparison
PARAMETER PULSE RADAR CONTINOUS
WAVE RADAR
TYPE OF SIGNAL Modulated Modul
ated
and
Unmod
ulated
ANTENNA Duplexer Separate Antennas
RANGE Indicates Range Don't indicate Range
TRANSMITTING high Low
POWER
CIRCUIT Complicated Simple
STATIONARY TARGET Affects Doesn't affect
MAXIMUM RANGE High Low

PRA More applications Less applications
CTI
CAL
APP
LIC
ATI
ON
MANY TARGETS Does not get affected Does get affected
Applications of Radar
• Military Applications.
• Air Traffic Control (ATC).
• Aircraft Safety.
• Ship Safety.
• Navigation.
• Space.
• Remote Sensing
Radar Frequency & Wavelength (cm)
Radar Frequency & Usages
Conclusion
• RADAR is used to find velocity, range and position of the object.
• Advantage of RADAR is that it provide superior penetration capability
through any type of weather condition.
• LIDAR is advanced type of radar which uses visible light from laser.
THANK YOU

RADAR

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