TTTT
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Department of Electrical-Electronics
Technology
Introduction to Mechatronic
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Unit of Competence Install Mechatronics Device
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LO1: Prepare and Plan to install mechatronics
device
Mechatronics Defined — I
• “The word, mechatronics is composed of mecha
from mechanics and tronics from electronics.
• In other words, technologies and developed
products will be incorporating electronics more
and more into mechanisms, intimately and
organically, and making it impossible to tell
where one ends and the other begins.”
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Mechanics mecha
Mechatronics
Eletronics tronics
Mechatronics Defined — II
“Synergistic use of precision engineering, control theory, computer science, and
sensor and actuator technology to design improved products and processes.”
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Mechatronics Defined — III
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Hardware, Software, and Firmware
• Hardware is the name given to the physical devices and
circuitry of the computer.
• Software refers to the programs written for the computer.
• Firmware is the term given to programs stored in ROMs or in
Programmable devices which permanently keep their stored
information
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Disciplinary Foundations of Mechatronics
• Mechanical Engineering
• Electrical Engineering
• Computer Engineering
• Computer/Information Systems
Information Mechanical
Systems Systems
Mechatrnoics
Computer
Electrical
Systems
Systems
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Evolution of Mechatronics as a Contemporary Design
Paradigm
• Technological advances in design, manufacturing, and operation of engineered
products/devices/processes can be traced through:
– Industrial revolution
– Semiconductor revolution
– Information revolution
Industrial Revolution
• Allowed design of products and processes for energy conversion and transmission thus
allowing the use of energy to do useful work.
• Engineering designs of this era were largely mechanical
– e.g., operations of motion transmission, sensing, actuation, and computation were
performed using mechanical components such as cams, gears, levers, and linkages).
• Purely mechanical systems suffer from
– Power amplification inability.
– Energy losses due to tolerances, inertia, and friction
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Semiconductor Revolution
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Information Revolution
• Development of VLSI technology led to the introduction of microprocessor,
microcomputer, and microcontroller.
• Now computing hardware is ubiquitous, cheap, and small.
• As computing hardware can be effortlessly interfaced with real world
electromechanical systems, it is now routinely embedded in engineered
products/processes for decision-making.
– Microcontrollers are replacing precision mechanical components, e.g., precision-
machined camshaft that in many applications functions as a timing device.
– Programmability of microcontrollers is providing a versatile and flexible alternative
to the hard-wired analog/digital computational hardware.
– Integrated computer-electrical-mechanical devices are now capable of converting,
transmitting, and processing both the physical energy and the virtual energy
(information).
• Result: Highly efficient products and processes are now being developed by judicious
selection and integration of sensors, actuators, signal conditioning, power electronics,
decision and control algorithms, and computer hardware and software.
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Mechatronics Revolution: Example
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Machine Components: Basic Elements
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Elements of Mechatronics—Electromechanical
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Elements of Mechatronics—Electrical/Electronic
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Elements of Mechatronics— Control
Interface/Computing Hardware
• Control interface/computing hardware elements refer to:
– Analog-to-digital (A2D) converter, digital-to-analog (D2A) converter, digital
input/output (I/O), counters, timers, microprocessor, microcontroller, data
acquisition and control (DAC) board, and digital signal processing (DSP) board
• Control interface hardware allows analog/digital interfacing
– communication of sensor signal to the control computer and communication
of control signal from the control computer to the actuator
• Control computing hardware implements a control algorithm, which uses
sensor measurements, to compute control actions to be applied by the
actuator.
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Elements of Mechatronics—Computer/Information
System
• Computer elements refer to hardware/software utilized to perform:
– computer-aided dynamic system analysis, optimization, design, and simulation
– virtual instrumentation
– rapid control prototyping
– hardware-in-the-loop simulation
– PC-based data acquisition and control
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PNEUMATICS AND HYDRAULICS SYSTEM
FUNDAMENTALS OF PNEUMATICS
• Fluid power Source of energy for industrial
processes
– Electric energy- electric motor
– Fluid power – cylinder (piston)
• Fluid power- deals with ways of using pressurized
gas (usually air) or liquid (usually oil) for doing work.
• The two forms named as
– Pneumatic – pressurized air
– Hydraulic – pressurized oil
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Introduction to pneumatic control
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Characteristics of compressed air
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Limitations
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Applications
Push
Pull
Lift
Combination
Transfer
Hold
Tilt
Lock
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Industrial application
Chemicals Packaging
Plastics Mining
Paints Construction
Pharmaceuticals Robots
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Pressure measurement units
Temperature T 0
K Kelvin 0 0C =273.16 0K
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Practical values
It should be noted that the SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa).
However, this unit is very small and so to avoid huge
numbers in practice, an agreement has been made to
define and use another large unit called bar. It is defined as
1bar = 100,000 Pa (100KPa)
Its Imperial equivalents are
1 STD atm = 14.696 psi = 1.01325 bar
A pressure in the context of pneumatics is assumed as
over-pressure i.e. above atmospheric pressure
– i.e. above 14.7 psi or 1 bar up to 10 bar or 145 psi
(commonly referred to as gauge pressure (psig)).
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Pneumatic system structure and signal flow
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• Depiction of the
general structure
and signal flow of
pneumatic system
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Energy Flow Diagram
Actuator
Control System
Source
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Components of pneumatic system
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AIR GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION
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Compressed Air Supply
Atmospheric Air
Storage Receiver
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Plant 35
Air compressor
• Used to produce the compressed air for the
system by the required volume and pressure.
• As a rule, pneumatic components are designed
for a maximum operating pressure of 800-1000
kPa (8 - 10 bar) but in practice it is
recommended to operate at between 500-600
kPa (5 and 6 bar) for economic and safe use.
• Due to the pressure losses in the distribution
system, the compressor should be delivered
between 650-700 kPa (6.5 -7 bar).
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Air compressor symbol
• Figures below is an example of air compressor
and its ISO symbol.
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Types Of Compressors
The principal types of compressors
Displacement Type
Piston Diaphragm
Type Type
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Air dryers
• In addition to aftercooler there are other types
of dryers that can condensate the water vapor
from the compressed air that pass through
them. They are
Absorption dryers- Dehydrated chalk or
magnesium chloride or calcium chloride reacts
with the moisture to form a solution which
drained from the bottom of the vessel- (see
Fig)
Adsorption dryers- silica gel or activated
alumina to physically absorb moisture from the
compressed air and retain it inside then
drained the water by pressurized gas.
Refrigerator – It is a separate refrigerating unit
which not an integrated part with the
compressor.
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Air dryer symbol
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Air Tank (reservoir)
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Air Tank symbol
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Main piping materials
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Shut-off valve
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Pressure gauge
• It used to display the actual amount of the
pressure mostly in two main units Pascal and
bar (1 bar = 14.5 psi (pressure per square
inch)).
• Figures below show a real pressure gauge and
the ISO symbol of the pressure gauge.
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Air service units
• The air service unit is a combination
of the following:
– Compressed air filter
(with water separator),
– Compressed air regulator
– Compressed air lubricator.
• The main function of the service unit
is providing the pneumatic components
with a well cleaned, lubricated and regulated
compressed air. 06/01/2023
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Air service units symbol
Figures below show a real service unit (filter and
pressure regulator), its ISO symbol and also the
simplified symbol
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Air filter
• Compressed air filter has the job of
removing all contaminants from
the compressed air flowing through
it as well as water which has
already condensed.
• The compressed air enters the
filter bowl through guide slots.
Liquid particles and larger particles
of dirt are separated centrifugally collecting in
the lower part of the filter bowl. The
collected condensate must be drained
before the level exceeds the
maximum
condensate mark, as it will otherwise be
re-entrained in the air stream.
• Two types of drain – manual and auto drain
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Air filter symbols
• Figures below shows air filter and the ISO
symbol of an air filter.
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Pressure regulator
• Its purpose is to keep the operating pressure
of the system (secondary pressure) virtually
constant regardless of fluctuations in the line
pressure (primary pressure) and the air
consumption.
• Figures below show a regulator and the ISO
symbol of the air regulator.
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Air lubricator
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Manifold
• It is used to provide multi equal pressure
outlets. Each output port has check valve (Non
return valve).
• Figures below show a pneumatic manifold
(distributor) and its ISO symbol of the
pneumatic manifold.
• 5454
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