Applied Electricity Lab Project

RECTIFICATION
(AC TO DC CONVERTER
CIRCUIT)
GROUP MEMBERS
1. SULE FAIZAH ELE-OJO 211203067
2. VICTOR IKO-OJO JAMES 211203043
3. IFEANYI ANTHONY UKAIGWE 211203048
4. ALI MAIMUNA MUHAMMAD 211203044
5. TRACY AMOS-NKPA 211204020
INTRODUCTION
• Rectification converts AC (Alternating Current) to DC (Direct Current).
• A rectifier is an electronic device used for AC to DC conversion.
• Most domestic devices operate on DC power.
• AC is received from power plants and transmitted via lines due to its cost-effectiveness and efficiency.
• Rectification bridges the gap between AC power from power plants and DC power required by devices.
• Rectification ensures compatibility and enables the use of AC power in DC-based devices.
DIFFERENT PHYSICAL FORMS OF
RECTIFIERS
Solid-state diodes
Vacuum tube diodes
Mercury-arc valves
Silicon-controlled rectifiers, and more.
USES OF RECTIFIERS
For electric welding, rectifiers are utilized to supply polarized voltage.

Half-wave rectifiers have a repellent effect on mosquitoes.
Half-wave rectifiers are utilized as signal peak detectors in AM radio.
Rectifiers are used in voltage multipliers, modulation, and demodulation.
TYPES OF CONVERTERS USED FOR THE PURPOSE OF AC-DC
CONVERSION.
There are two primary types of
converters are frequently used
for AC-DC conversion. One • Traditional Transformer-based linear
uses a straightforward diode
bridge, capacitor, and voltage converter: Traditional Transformer-
regulator in its conventional based linear converter uses a simple
transformer-based linear
converter. Either a single diode bridge, capacitor, voltage regulator .
semiconductor device, such as
the DB107, or four independent
• Switch mode power supply or
diodes, such as the 1N4007, can SMPS: this uses high-frequency small
be used to build a simple diode
bridge. SMPS is the alternative
transformer and a switching regulator to
converter type. Every appliance provide DC output.
which works on DC has an AC
to DC converter circuit.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED FOR THE AC TO DC
CONVERTER CIRCUIT AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS
 TRANSFORMER
 DIODES
 CAPACITOR
 VOLTAGE REGULATOR
TRANSFORMER WITH 220V
RATING
• Transformers consist of multiple wire coils wrapped around a shared
core.
• The primary coil receives AC power, inducing an electromagnetic field.
• The secondary coil, also known as the other coil, produces AC current
through electromagnetic induction.
• Transformers can isolate or step up AC circuits.
• Isolation: Transformers separate electrical circuits for safety or
functional purposes.
• Step-up: Transformers increase the voltage level from the primary to
the secondary coil.
DIODES (1N4007)
• They are utilized to make rectifiers which convert
AC (Alternating Current) to DC (Direct Current).
• A bridge rectifier can be employed as an alternative
to individual diodes in the rectification process.
• Diodes in rectifiers introduce a voltage drop that
leads to power loss.
• To mitigate power loss, diodes with lower drop
ratings can be substituted.
CAPACITOR
• Rectifier filters use high-value electrolytic capacitors
(1000-5000 microfarads).
• Multiple capacitors can be wired in parallel for
improved filtering.
• Parallel connection increases total capacitance.
• Benefits include flexibility in capacitor selection and
cost optimization.
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
• 3-pin voltage regulators are commonly used for low-current
controlled DC power supplies.
• They are available in various conventional and surface mount

packages as integrated circuits.
• Bipolar devices are typically used for 3-pin regulators, but

modern MOSFET-based devices are also available.
• Most MOSFET-based regulators are backwards-compatible with

traditional regulators.
• This project will utilize three types of traditional regulators:

positive, negative, and variable (positive) regulators.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF RECTIFIER
CIRCUIT
WORKING OF THE AC TO DC CONVERTER CIRCUIT
• Step-down transformer converts high voltage AC to low voltage

AC (220V).
• Diode bridge, consisting of four diodes, is a key component in the

circuit.
• Diodes convert AC to DC by allowing current flow in one

direction.
• Two diodes (D2 and D4) block the negative peak of the AC current,
ensuring unidirectional flow.
• Full bridge rectifier rectifies both positive and negative peaks of

the AC signal.
• The large capacitor is charged during the conversion process,

smoothing the output voltage.
• However, the output voltage is not regulated.

• A voltage regulator in the diagram controls and regulates the
voltage in this setup.
TRANSFORMER-BASED AC-DC CONVERTER
LIMITATIONS
• The output AC voltage across the transformer also drops in any circumstances where the input AC
voltage has the potential to fluctuate or if the AC voltage drops sufficiently.
• Despite not having a universal input voltage range, it is an expensive option because the transformer
alone accounts for more than 60% of the converter circuit's overall production cost.
• Low conversion efficiency is still another restriction. As the transformer heats up, the unnecessary
energy is wasted.
• The weight of the Transformer adds unnecessarily to the product's weight.
• The transformer requires more room inside the product in order to fit the converter circuit, or at the
very least, the transformer.
THANK YOU

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RECTIFICATION

• A rectifier is an electronic device used for AC to DC conversion.

• Most domestic devices operate on DC power.

For electric welding, rectifiers are utilized to supply polarized voltage.

• They are available in various conventional and surface mount

• Bipolar devices are typically used for 3-pin regulators, but

• Most MOSFET-based regulators are backwards-compatible with

• This project will utilize three types of traditional regulators:

• Step-down transformer converts high voltage AC to low voltage

• Diode bridge, consisting of four diodes, is a key component in the

• Diodes convert AC to DC by allowing current flow in one

• Full bridge rectifier rectifies both positive and negative peaks of

• The large capacitor is charged during the conversion process,

• However, the output voltage is not regulated.

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