GROUP 3

7. COLLECTING AND ANALYZING

SECONDARY DATA
8. COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA

9. QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS

Alfaro, Raiana Q.
Aquino, Karen R.
Belen, Kate R.
Oray, Celso O.
 COLLECTING AND ANALYZING SECONDARY DATA

Aquino, Karen R.
 3
SECONDARY DATA

Secondary data consists of sources of data

and other information collected by others
and archived in some form.¹
Secondary data are data that have already
been gathered, often for a different research
purpose and some time ago.²

¹Stewart, D. and Kamins, M. (1993)

² Mooi, E. and Sarstedt, M.
 ‘

TYPES OF Secondary
SECONDARY
DATA Internal External
SOURCES Company Governments
Records
Trade Associations
Sales Reports
Market Research
Existing research Firms
studies
Consulting Firms

(Literature)
databases

Internet and social

networks
 5
TYPES OF
SECONDARY • Written materials
DATA • Non-written materials
• Survey data

FORMATS OF
• Numeric Data
SECONDARY
• Textual Data
DATA
• Audiovisual Data
• Geospatial Data
• Transactional Data
• Social Media Data
COLLECTION 6

OF SECONDARY
DATA • Suitability of data
• Reliability of data
• Adequacy of data

ADVANTAGES
OF SECONDARY • Highly accessible
DATA • Cost-effective
• Easy to compare
LIMITATIONS 7

OF SECONDARY
DATA • Old data
• Authenticity of sources
• Purpose

SECONDARY
DATA ANALYSIS
• Content Analysis
• Data Mining
• Meta-Analysis
CONTENT • Is a research tool used to determine the presence of
ANALYSIS certain words or concepts within texts or set of
texts.
Steps:
1. Identify the research problem.
2. Employ sampling methods in order to produce
representative findings.
3. Devise the units of analysis.
4. Describe and number the codes
5. Retrieve the coded fragments
6. Do quality checks on interpretation
7. Analyze the data
DATA MINING • Is a technique used extensively by business
managements to extract meaningful information
from the huge databases that are generated by
electronic and other methods in modern businesses.
Steps:
1. Identify objective goals.
2. Understanding data sources
3. Preparing data
4. Analyzing the data
5. Review results
6. Deployment/Implementation
META-ANALYSIS

• Is a statistical analysis of a large collection of

results of individual literature for the purpose of
integrating their respective findings.
Steps:
1. Purpose
2. Systematic Search
3. Extracting Information
4. Synthesize
TO SUM UP..

• Secondary data refers to data, information

that has been collected, processed and
published by someone else, it can also be
unpublished.
• Secondary data comprise internal and
external data types
• Written and non-written materials and survey
data
• While there are many advantages using
secondary data in research, there are also
limitations and disadvantages that should
be considered
• Secondary data should be used if it found
to be reliable, suitable and adequate.
• There are three methods suitable in
analyzing secondary data: Content
Analysis, Data Mining, and Meta-analysis
THANK YOU!
 COLLECTING
PRIMARY DATA

Alfaro, Raiana Q.
PRIMARY DATA

refers to the first hand data

gathered by the researcher
SAMPLING

• process of selecting just a

small group of cases from
out of a large group
Two types of sampling procedure:

1.) Probability Sampling

- Based on using random methods to select the sample.

Specific techniques are used for selecting representative samples

from populations of the different characteristics, such as simple
random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling etc.
1.SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
 This method involves randomly selecting a sample from the
population without any bias. It’s the most basic and straightforward
form of probability sampling.

2. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING

 This method involves dividing the population into subgroups or
strata and selecting a random sample from each stratum.
3. CLUSTER SAMPLING
 This method involves dividing the population into groups or
clusters and then randomly selecting some of those clusters.

4. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING:
This method where researchers select members of the population
at a regular interval.
2.) Non-probability Sampling
- Based on selection by non-random means.

There is a variety of techniques that can be used, such as

accidental sampling, quota sampling and snowball technique.

This type of sample is easier and cheaper to access, but it has a

higher risk of sampling bias. 
Several basic methods used to
collect primary data;

1. asking questions
2. conducting interviews
3. observing without getting
involved
4. immersing oneself in a
situation
5. doing experiments
6. manipulating models
1. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING – most accessible to the
researcher

2. VOLUNTARY RESPONSE SAMPLING - similar to a

convenience sample, a voluntary response sample is mainly
based on ease of access

3. PURPOSIVE SAMPLING -also known as judgement sampling

4. SNOWBALL TECHNIQUE - recruit participants via other

participants
DATA COLLECTION METHODS
1) ASKING QUESTIONS - Used for
collecting both quantitative and
qualitative information from people

 Questionnaires - are a particularly

suitable tool for gaining quantitative
data but can also be used for
qualitative data. This method of data
collection is usually called a survey.
THREE METHODS OF DELIVERING
QUESTIONNAIRES
 Personal delivery
 Postal questionnaires
 Internet questionnaires

TWO QUESTION TYPES:

 Closed format questions
 Open format questions
2.) CONDUCTING INTERVIEWS
- INTERVIEWS ARE MORE SUITABLE FOR QUESTIONS
THAT REQUIRE PROBING TO OBTAIN ADEQUATE
INFORMATION.

STRUCTURED INTERVIEW
UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW
SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW

a) Personal interviews/Face-to-face interviews

b) Focus groups
c) Telephone interviews
4) OBSERVING WITHOUT GETTING INVOLVED

- Method of gathering data through observation

rather than asking questions.

Observation can be used to record

both quantitative and qualitative data
4) IMMERSING ONESELF IN A SITUATION

- A process of gathering primary data that not only involves

observation, but also experience in every sense of the word.

5) DOING EXPERIMENTS
- Experiment aims to isolate a particular event so
that it can be investigated without disturbance
from its surroundings.

- Gaining data about causes and effects

.
4) IMMERSING ONESELF IN A SITUATION

- A process of gathering primary data that not only involves

observation, but also experience in every sense of the word.

5) DOING EXPERIMENTS
- Experiment aims to isolate a particular event so
that it can be investigated without disturbance
from its surroundings.

- Gaining data about causes and effects

.
LABORATORY AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS

Types of Experiments:
1. True experimental designs – careful random selection of all
cases to be tested
2. Quasi-experimental designs – are use when random
selection of groups cannot be achieved.
3. Pre-experimental designs- do not have control groups to
compare
4. Ex-post facto- is not really an experimental approach in that
the investigation begins after the event has occurred.
MANIPULATING MODELS OR SIMULATIONS
3 Basic types of models:

1. Diagrammatic model – show the interrelationships of the

variables in a system on paper.

2. Physical model– are specifically designed to test the

variables that are central to the problem being investigated

3. Mathematical models or simulation –

Show the effects of different inputs into a system and predict
the resultant outcomes.
 END.

THANK YOU!

.
Topic No. 9

Quantitative Data
Analysis

CELSO ORAY & KATE BELEN

Group 3
QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
deals with data in the form of numbers and uses
mathematical operations.

Some of the primary purposes of quantitative

analysis are to:
• measure
• make comparisons
• examine relationships
• make forecasts
• test hypotheses
• construct concepts and theories
• explore
• control
• explain.
 CREATING A DATA SET
In order to manipulate the data, they should be
compiled in an easily read form. Although the
data will have been organized as part of the
collection process, further compilation may be
needed before analysis is possible. If the data
on the forms cannot be machine read, then it will
be necessary to enter the data manually. The
fewer steps required in the creation of data sets,
the fewer possibilities there are for errors to
creep in. Adding codes to response choices on
the questionnaire sheet will simplify the transfer
of data.

DATA SPREADSHEET
PARAMETRIC AND NON-PARAMETRIC STATISTICS
A parameter of a population (i.e. the things or
people you are surveying) is a constant feature
that it shares with other populations. The most
common one is the ‘bell’ or ‘Gaussian’ curve of
normal frequency distribution.

Non-parametric statistical tests have been

devised to recognize the particular characteristics
of non-curve data and to take into account these
singular characteristics by specialized methods

GAUSSIAN CURVE
STATISTICAL TESTS (PARAMETRIC)

There are two classes of parametric statistical tests:

descriptive and inferential.

Distinction is also made between the number of variables

considered in relation to each other:

•Univariate analysis One variable at a time.

•Bivariate analysis Two variables in relation to each other.

•Multivariate analysis More that two variables.

UNIVARIATE ANALYSIS

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Usually presented as a table, simply shows the values for
each variable expressed.

1. Measure of Central Tendency

2. Measures of Dispersion (Or Variability)

MEASURE OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

Central tendency is one number that denotes various ‘averages’ of the

values for a variable.

Table to illustrate frequency distribution

MEASURES OF DISPERSION (OR VARIABILITY)

The above measures are influenced by the nature of dispersion of the

values, how values are spread out or are bunched up, and the presence
of solitary extreme values.

More graphical options make comparisons between variables clearer,

some of the simpler being:
MEASURES OF DISPERSION (OR VARIABILITY)
• BAR GRAPH
• PIE CHART
• STANDARD DEVIATION ERROR
BAR
NEXT PRESENTOR
BIVARIATE ANALYSIS
considers the properties of two variables in relation to each
other. The relationship between two variables is of common
interest in the social sciences, e.g. does social status influence
academic achievement?; are boys more likely to be
delinquents than girls?; does age have an effect on
community involvement?; etc. There are various methods for
investigating the relationships between two variables.
STATISTICAL TESTS (PARAMETRIC)
An important aspect is the different measurement of these
relationships, such as assessing the direction and degree of
association, statistically termed correlation coefficients.

• Positive Relationship
• Negative Relationship

Scattergrams are a useful type of diagram that graphically

shows the relationship between two variables by plotting variable
data from cases on a two-dimensional matrix.
STATISTICAL TESTS (PARAMETRIC)
Cross tabulation (contingency tables) is a simple way
to display the relationship between variables that have
only a few categories.

STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE
As most analysis is carried out on data from only a
sample of the population, the question is raised as to
how likely is it that the results indicate the situation for
the whole population.
STATISTICAL TESTS (PARAMETRIC)

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE
The above tests are all designed to look for
relationships between variables.
Between values obtained under two or more
different conditions, e.g. a group before and after
a training course, or three groups after different
training courses. There are a range of tests that
can be applied to discern the variance depending
on the number of groups.

Scattergrams of two variables with different

levels of relationships
STATISTICAL TESTS (PARAMETRIC)
• For a single group, say the performance of students on a
particular course compared with the mean results of all
the other courses in the university you can use the chi-
square or the one group t-test.
• For two groups, e.g. comparing the results from the same
course at two different universities, you can use the two
group t-tests, which compares the means of two groups. Contingency Table
There are two types of test, one for paired scores, i.e.
where the same persons provided scores under each
condition, or for unpaired scores where this is not the
case.
• For three or more groups e.g. the performance of three
different age groups in a test. It is necessary to identify
the dependent and independent variables that will be
tested. A simple test using SPSS is ANOVA (analysis of
variance).
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS

Multivariate analysis looks at the relationships

between more than two variables.

• ELABORATION ANALYSIS
• MULTIPLE REGRESSION
• LOGISTIC REGRESSION
STATISTICAL TESTS (NON-PARAMETRIC)
Statistical tests built around discovering the means, standard
deviations etc. of the typical characteristics of a Gaussian curve
are clearly inappropriate for analysing non-parametric data that
does not follow this pattern. Hence, non-parametric data cannot
be statistically tested in the above ways.

Non-parametric statistical tests are used when:

• the sample size is very small;
• few assumptions can be made about the data;
• data are rank ordered or nominal;
• samples are taken from several different populations.
THANK
YOU!