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    PhySci Q3 M4 L1 Biomolecules

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    Tin Ong
    The document discusses biomolecules, also known as macromolecules, which are organic compounds that make up living organisms. There are four main types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, lipids include fats and oils, nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, and proteins are made up of amino acids. The document provides examples and information about the structure and functions of each type of biomolecule.

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    PhySci Q3 M4 L1 Biomolecules

    Uploaded by

    Tin Ong
    20 views45 pages
    The document discusses biomolecules, also known as macromolecules, which are organic compounds that make up living organisms. There are four main types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, lipids include fats and oils, nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, and proteins are made up of amino acids. The document provides examples and information about the structure and functions of each type of biomolecule.

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    The document discusses biomolecules, also known as macromolecules, which are organic compounds that make up living organisms. There are four main types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, lipids include fats and oils, nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, and proteins are made up of amino acids. The document provides examples and information about the structure and functions of each type of biomolecule.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    20 views45 pages

    PhySci Q3 M4 L1 Biomolecules

    Uploaded by

    Tin Ong
    The document discusses biomolecules, also known as macromolecules, which are organic compounds that make up living organisms. There are four main types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches, lipids include fats and oils, nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, and proteins are made up of amino acids. The document provides examples and information about the structure and functions of each type of biomolecule.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 45

    The Chemistry of

    Life:
    Biomolecules
    Module 4
    Whoa!
    Living organisms are primarily
    made up of organic compounds.
    The process of building organic
    molecules by living organisms is
    called biosynthesis.
    What are
    Biomolecules
    Biomolecules
    (also known as
    macromolecules) are organic
    compounds that make up all
    living organisms. They are all
    produced through the
    process of biosynthesis.
    What are
    Biomolecules
    Organic compounds are carbon-
    rich molecules usually in
    association with hydrogen and
    oxygen.
    Organic and nature based
    materials that we use today are
    primarily rich in these four
    macromolecules.
    What are
    Biomolecules
    The four macromolecules
    are carbohydrates, lipids,
    nucleic acids, and proteins.
    01
    Activity
    The objective of this activity is to
    determine how familiar you are with the
    different types of macromolecules and
    their examples.
    Direction: Given the samples below, determine if they are made
    from: Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acid, Lipids, Proteins.
    Direction: Given the samples below, determine if they are made
    from: Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acid, Lipids, Proteins.
    Introduction:
    Molecules that make
    up a living organism
    are called
    biomolecules.
    They are also known
    as macromolecules as
    they large organic
    molecules.
    Introduction:
    Biomolecules are produced
    through a process known
    as biosynthesis.
    biomolecules, namely:
    carbohydrates, lipids,
    nucleic acids, and proteins.
    The four types of Biomolecules

    01 Carbohydrates 02 Nucleic acid

    03 Lipids 04 Proteins
    01
    Carbohydrates
    Carbohydrates are one of the
    most abundant macromolecules
    on Earth.
    Carbohydrates
    ● The term means “hydrates of carbons” because of its
    1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen of its
    simplest chemical formula, respectively (e. g., C6H12O6 for
    glucose).
    ● A more generalized formula is Cm(H2O)n, where m is equal
    to 3 or more, and m and n are not necessarily equal (e. g.
    C12H22O11 for sucrose or table sugar).
    ● Carbohydrates are generally classified as simple or
    complex.
    Simple and Complex Carbohydrates
    Simple carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates
    Made up of long chains of sugar
    Small, usually made up of molecules; made up of simple
    Structure
    1-2 sugar molecule carbohydrates covalently bonded
    together

    Rate of Digestion Easy and quick to digest Longer time to break down

    Provides ‘instant’ energy,


    Primary function in As structural material, and as storage
    relation to its structure
    commonly in so-called
    form -- provides more lasting energy
    ‘sugar rush’

    Chitin (exoskeleton)
    Examples glucose, table sugar Cellulose (plant cell wall)
    Starch and glycogen
    02
    Lipids
    They are insoluble in water but
    are soluble in solvents that are
    nonpolar or have low polarity.
    Lipids
    ● Lipids are a large group of substances
    also found in living systems.
    ● They are insoluble in water but are
    soluble in solvents that are nonpolar
    or have low polarity.
    Major Functions of Lipids

    Energy
    storage, Structural, as As chemical
    especially in part of cellular messengers that
    animal systems membranes deliver signals from
    one part of the
    body to another
    Lipids
    ● There are several types of lipids based on their
    structure but you would be more familiar with fats
    and oils, also known as triglycerides, or simply,
    “fats”.
    ● A fat molecule is composed of long-chain fatty
    acids bonded to glycerol. Glycerol is an organic
    compound with three carbons, five hydrogens, and
    three hydroxyl groups, while fatty acids have long
    chains of hydrocarbons with a carboxyl group.
    Lipids
    ● Fatty acids that make up fats are either
    saturated or unsaturated.
    ● Fats and oils may also be classified that
    way.
    ● “Saturation/Unsaturation” of fats indicates
    the presence or absence of double bonds in
    the fatty acid chain.
    Types of Lipids
    Unsaturated fats Saturated fats
    have at least one do not have double-
    pair of double- bonded
    bonded carbons, are hydrocarbons, are
    liquid at room solid even at room
    temperature, and temperature, and
    are commonly present in animal
    extracted from fats.
    Lipids
    ● You may also have heard about trans fats. These
    are artificially hydrogenated oils commonly used in
    the food industry.
    ● Hydrogenation, the addition of hydrogen to the oil
    structure, results in the saturation of the oil,
    making it more stable hence prolonging the shelf
    life of food.
    ● Stick margarine, fast foods, commercial baked
    goods (donuts, cookies, crackers), processed foods,
    and fried foods.
    03
    Nucleic Acid
    Nucleic acids are the most
    important biomolecules in the
    continuity of life.
    Nucleic Acid
    ● They store genetic information in the
    cell, and are in the form of either DNA
    (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA
    (ribonucleic acid). Nucleic acids are
    made up of nucleotides.
    Components of Nucleic Acid

    Pentose sugar Phosphate Nitrogenous


    (5-carbon sugar) group base
    Features of DNA and RNA
    DNA RNA

    Double-stranded,
    Strands Single-stranded
    helical

    Nitrogenous base/s adenine, guanine, adenine, guanine, cytosine,


    present cytosine, thymine uracil

    Sugar molecule Deoxyribose Ribose

    Functions Carries genetic make up For protein synthesis


    04
    Proteins
    Proteins are some of the most
    complex macromolecules in
    terms of structure and function.
    Proteins
    ●Like carbohydrates, proteins are
    also very abundant in living
    organisms. The building blocks of
    proteins are the amino acids of
    which 20 are known.
    Proteins
    ●An amino acid has an amino group,
    a carboxylic group, and an R group
    or side chain. Each amino acid has
    a different R group or side chain,
    which makes each amino acid
    unique.
    Amino Acid
    Structure
    The are molecules
    that combine to
    form proteins
    Proteins
    ● The different types of proteins are
    classified based on their function.
    ○ Keratin in the hair is an example of a
    structural protein, while hormones like
    insulin are regulatory proteins.
    Proteins
    ● The different types of proteins are classified based
    on their function.
    ○ Actin and myosin proteins are for movement, and are
    called contractile proteins.
    ■ Myosin forms thick filaments (15 nm in diameter) and
    actin forms thinner filaments (7nm in diameter).
    ■ This force produces the muscle cell contractions that
    facilitate the movement of the muscles and, therefore,
    of body structures.
    Proteins
    ● The different types of proteins are classified
    based on their function.
    ○ Antibodies that are produced by the white blood cells
    are called protective proteins, while hemoglobin which
    carries oxygen gas is an example of a transport
    protein.
    ○ Egg albumin is a storage protein that serves as
    nourishment for the developing embryo.
    Activity
    time

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