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KINEMATICS

This document provides an overview of kinematics, which is defined as the study of motion without regard to forces. It describes osteokinematics as the movement of bones and arthrokinematics as the movement between joint surfaces. The variables of kinematics include type of displacement, direction, location, magnitude, and rate of displacement. Projectile motion is discussed as motion subject to gravity and air resistance, with independent vertical and horizontal components.

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Hhitika Kapoor
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63 views27 pages

KINEMATICS

This document provides an overview of kinematics, which is defined as the study of motion without regard to forces. It describes osteokinematics as the movement of bones and arthrokinematics as the movement between joint surfaces. The variables of kinematics include type of displacement, direction, location, magnitude, and rate of displacement. Projectile motion is discussed as motion subject to gravity and air resistance, with independent vertical and horizontal components.

Uploaded by

Hhitika Kapoor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KINEMATICS

by Shivani barot
(F.Y MPT)
OBJECTIVES

 Definition
 Description of motion
 Variables of kinematics
 Projectile motion
Definition:
kinematics is defined as the study of motion without regard to the
forces that cause that motion.
Kinematics includes the set of concepts that allows us to describe
the displacement (the change in position over time) or motion of a
segment without regard to the forces that cause that movement.
The description of motion
Osteokinematics: refers to the rotatory movement of the bones in
space during physiological joint motion

Arthrokinematics: movements occurring between joint surfaces


relative to one another
Osteokinematics: Fundamental Motions
External Ratation/
Outward rotation
Extension
&ůĞdžŝŽŶ

Internal/ Inward
rotation
Hyperextension
Extension
Arthrokinematics

Manner in which adjoining joint surfaces


move in relation to each other or how they fit
together helps to improve the movement of the
joint
Parts may move in:
•The same direction
•The opposite direction
Roll
Multiple points maintain contact through
out the motion
Slide
A single point on one surface contacts
multiple
points throughout the motion
Spin
A single point on one surface rotates on a
single point on the other surface
Convex on Concave rule

- When a convex joint surface moves on a concave joint surface


- The roll and slide occur in opposite directions
• When a concave joint surface moves about a
stationary convex joint surface
the roll and slide occur in the same direction
Variables:

(1)The type of displacement (motion)

(2)The direction of displacement of the segment

(3)The location of displacement

(4)The magnitude of the displacement, and

(5)The rate of displacement or rate of change of displacement(velocity or


acceleration).
Types of displacement

1. Translatory motion(Linear displacement)

2. Rotatory motion (Angular displacement)

3. General motion (Curvilinear motion)


1.Translatory motion ( Linear displacement)

 Movement of a segment in a straight line.


 Each point on the segment moves through
the same distance, at the same time,
in parallel paths
An example of translatory motion is
the anterior drawer test for ACL
integrity. Ideally, the tibial plateau
translates anteriorly from the starting
position to the ending position (as
the examiner exerts a linear load on
the proximal tibia. Under ideal
conditions, each point on the tibia
moves through the same distance, at
the same time, in parallel paths.
2.Rotatory motion (Angular displacement)

 Movement of a segment
around a fixed axis [COR]
in a curved path
 Each point on the segment moves through
the same angle, at the same time,
at a constant distance from the COR
3.General motion
 When non segmented objects are moved, combinations of
rotation and translation (general motion) are common.
 If someone were to attempt to push a treatment table with
swivel casters across the room by using one hand ,it would be
difficult to get the table to go straight , it would more likely to
both translatory and rotatory motion .
 Curvilinear (plane or planar) motion designates a combination
of translation and rotation of a segment in two dimensions.
 When this type of motion occurs, the axis about which the
segment moves is not fixed but, rather, shifts in space as the
object moves Instantaneous axis of rotation (ICOR)
Location of displacement
 Cartesian coordinate system
 The x-axis runs side to side in the body -coronal axis; The
y-axis runs up and down in the body - vertical axis; the z-
axis runs front to back in the body anteroposterior (A-P) axis
 An unconstrained segment can either rotate or translate
around each of the three axes, which results in six potential
options for motion of that segment.
 The options for movement of a segment are also referred to
as degrees of freedom. A completely unconstrained segment,
therefore, always has six degrees of freedom.
• Rotation of body segment around the x-axis or coronal
axis occurs in the sagittal plane

 Sagittal plane motions are most easily


visualized as front to- back motions of a segment

 Flexion/extension of the upper extremity at


the glenohumeral joint).
Rotation of a body segment around the y-axis or vertical
axis occurs in the transverse plane.

 Motions of a segment parallel to the


ground (medial/lateral rotation of the
lower extremity at the hip joint)

 Through the length of long bones that are


not truly vertically oriented longitudinal
(or long) axis is often used instead of
vertical axis
 Rotation of body segment around the z-axis

or A-P axis occurs in the frontal plane.

 Frontal plane motions are most easily

visualized as side-to-side motions of the segment


 Abduction/adduction of the upper extremity

at the glenohumeral joint


Direction of displacement

 Flexion/ extension
 Abduction/adduction
 Internal rotation/eternal rotation
 Clockwise/anteclockwise
 Up-down
 Right- left
Magnitude of displacement

Rotatory displacement • Linear displacement


SI UNIT: radius SI UNIT : Meter/cm/mm
US UNIT: Degrees US UNIT : Foot/inch
 1 radian = 57.3
 1 degree = 0.01745 radians.
 360 degrees = 6.28 radians
• The magnitude of rotatory motion that a body segment
moves through or can move through is known as its range of
motion (ROM).
Rate of Displacement

 SPEED: Displacement per unit time regardless of direction


 VELOCITY: Displacement per unit time in a given
direction (m/s)(degrees/s)
 ACCELERATION: Change in velocity per unit time is
acceleration (m/s2) (degrees/s2)
What is projectile motion?

Bodies projected into the air are projectiles.


A basketball, a high jumper, and a sky diver are all projectiles as long as they are moving.
A projectileis
 a body in free fall that is subject only to the forces of gravity and air resistance
Therefore,objects such as airplanes and rockets do not qualify as projectiles, because they are also influenced by the forces
generated by their engines.
Horizontal and Vertical Components

• First, the vertical component is influenced


by gravity, whereas no force (neglecting air resistance) affects the
horizontal component.
• Second, the horizontal component of motion relates to
the distance the projectile travels, and the vertical component relates to
the maximum height achieved by the projectile.
• Once a body has been projected into the air, its overall (resultant)
velocity is constantly changing because of the forces acting on it.
The vertical and horizontal
components of projectile
motion are independent. A
ball hit horizontally has the
same vertical component
as a ball dropped with no
horizontal velocity.
Kinematics of Projectile Motion Influence of Gravity

Major influence of vertical component 


Not the horizontal component

Figure : illustrates the influence of gravity on projectile flight in the


case of a ball tossed into the air by a juggler The pattern of change in
the vertical velocity of a projectile is symmetrical
about the apex.

Vertical velocity decreases as the


ball rises and increases a s the ball falls due to
the influence of gravitational
Kinematics of Projectile Motion Influence of Air Resistance

• If an object were projected in a vacuum (with no air resistance), the


horizontal component of its velocity would remain exactly the same
throughout the flight.
• Air resistance affects the horizontal speed of a projectile .
• A ball thrown with a given initial velocity in an outdoor area will travel
much farther if it is thrown with a tailwind rather than into a headwind.
reference

 Joint structure and function Cynthia c. norkin


 Basic biomechanics Susan j. hall

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