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    Lecture 3.4 Address Mapping

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    The sliding window protocol allows for multiple data frames to be sent at once to control gradual data delivery between devices. It uses sequence numbers to identify missing frames and avoid duplicates. The main types are Go-Back-N ARQ, which resends all subsequent frames if one is lost, and Selective Repeat ARQ, which only resends the specific lost frame.

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    Lecture 3.4 Address Mapping

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    The sliding window protocol allows for multiple data frames to be sent at once to control gradual data delivery between devices. It uses sequence numbers to identify missing frames and avoid duplicates. The main types are Go-Back-N ARQ, which resends all subsequent frames if one is lost, and Selective Repeat ARQ, which only resends the specific lost frame.

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    The sliding window protocol allows for multiple data frames to be sent at once to control gradual data delivery between devices. It uses sequence numbers to identify missing frames and avoid duplicates. The main types are Go-Back-N ARQ, which resends all subsequent frames if one is lost, and Selective Repeat ARQ, which only resends the specific lost frame.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    69 views18 pages

    Lecture 3.4 Address Mapping

    Uploaded by

    SATHEESH A
    The sliding window protocol allows for multiple data frames to be sent at once to control gradual data delivery between devices. It uses sequence numbers to identify missing frames and avoid duplicates. The main types are Go-Back-N ARQ, which resends all subsequent frames if one is lost, and Selective Repeat ARQ, which only resends the specific lost frame.

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    Sliding Window Protocol

    Sliding Window Protocol

     The sliding window is a technique for sending multiple frames at a time.


    It controls the data packets between the two devices where reliable and
    gradual delivery of data frames is needed. It is also used in TCP
    (Transmission Control Protocol).
     In this technique, each frame has sent from the sequence number. The
    sequence numbers are used to find the missing data in the receiver end.
    The purpose of the sliding window technique is to avoid duplicate data,
    so it uses the sequence number.
     Types of Sliding Window Protocol
    1. Go-Back-N ARQ
    2. Selective Repeat ARQ
    Go-Back-N ARQ

     Go-Back-N ARQ protocol is


    also known as Go-Back-N
    Automatic Repeat Request. It
    is a data link layer protocol
    that uses a sliding window
    method.
     In this, if any frame is
    corrupted or lost, all
    subsequent frames have to be
    sent again.

    https://wps.pearsoned.com/ecs_kurose_compnetw_6/216/55463/14198702.cw/index.html
    Selective Repeat ARQ

     If the receiver receives a


    corrupt frame, it does not
    directly discard it.
     It sends a negative
    acknowledgment to the sender.
     The sender sends that frame
    again as soon as on the
    receiving negative
    acknowledgment. 
     There is no waiting for any
    time-out to send that frame.

    http://aboelela.site/profile/projects/net-seal/animations/go-back-n-arq/
    Address Mapping

     Address Mapping: Internet is made of a combination of physical networks


    connected together by internetworking devices such as routers.
     A logical address is an internetwork address.
     A physical address is a local address.
     It is usually implemented in hardware (but not always), so it is called a
    physical address.
     The physical address and the logical address are two different identifiers. This
    address information can be achieved through static and dynamic mapping.
     Static mapping: In static mapping, it creates a table that contains a logical
    address with a physical address.
     Dynamic mapping: When a machine knows one of two addresses (logical or
    physical) through dynamic mapping, it may use this protocol to find the other
    one address. There are designed two protocols for done dynamic mapping.
     Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
     Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
    Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

    It is a dynamic mapping protocol that is used to find out the physical address
    associated with the logical address and then sent it to the data link layer.

    http://aboelela.site/profile/projects/net-seal/animations/arp/
    Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) (Cont..)

    1. Firstly, the client broadcasts the ARP request packet to all the hosts in the network.
    2. In this ARP request packet, stores the logical address and physical address of the
    client and the IP address of the receiver.
    3. Each host receives this ARP request packet, but only the one who is the authorized
    host completes the ARP service.
    4. Finally, the authorized host sends the ARP response packet to the client in which its
    physical address is stored.
    5. Note: ARP request is broadcast, and ARP response is unicast.
    ARP Packet Format
    Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

     It is a dynamic mapping protocol that is the opposite of ARP. It is used to find out
    the logical address of the machine associated with the physical address. The
    working of RARP is shown below in the figure.
    Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) (Cont..)

    1. Firstly, the client broadcasts the RARP request packet to all the hosts in the
    network.
    2. The physical address of the client is stored in this RARP request packet.
    3. Each host receives this RARP request packet, but only the one who is the
    authorized host completes the RARP service. This authorized host is called the
    RARP server.
    4. RARP server sends the RARP response packet to the client in which its logical
    address is stored.

    Note: RARP is not used nowadays, it was replaced by BOOTP (Bootstrap protocol),
    and now BOOTP has been replaced by DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol).
    BOOTP
     BOOTP stands for Bootstrap Protocol.
     It is a computer networking protocol that is used to assign IP addresses
    to network devices in a network.
     In other words, it is an internet protocol that is used by the client to
    obtain the IP address from the server.
     It was defined in RFC 951 and 1084. It was designed to replace RARP
    (resource address resolution protocol).
    BOOTP (Cont…)
    BOOTP (Cont…)

     When the Bootstrap protocol started by the client, it does not have an IP address.
    Therefore, it broadcasts a message in the network, and Its MAC address is inside
    this message. This message is called “BOOTP request,” and takes this request by
    the BOOTP server. The server then provides the following information in reply
    to the client.
     It provides the IP address, subnet mask, and gateway address of the client.
     It also provides the IP address and hostname of the server.
     When the client receives the BOOTP server information, it configures and
    initializes the TCP/IP protocol stack and then connects to the server that has the
    boot image. The client loads this boot image and starts the operating system.
    DHCP
     DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is designed to
    provide the static and dynamic address allocation that can be done manual or
    automatic. It was designed to replace the BOOTP (Bootstrap Protocol).
     How it works
    ― First of all, a client (network device) must be connected to the internet.
    ― DHCP clients request an IP address. Typically, client broadcasts a query for this
    information.
    ― DHCP server responds to the client request by providing IP server address and other
    configuration information. This configuration information also includes time period,
    called a lease, for which the allocation is valid.
    ― When refreshing an assignment, a DHCP clients request the same parameters, but the
    DHCP server may assign a new IP address. This is based on the policies set by the
    administrator.
    http://aboelela.site/profile/projects/net-seal/animations/dhcp/
    ICMP

     CMP stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. It is designed to


    overcome the following two problems in the IP protocol.
     No error reporting and correcting mechanism
     Lacks a mechanism for queries
     ICMP messages are not sent directly to the intended data-link layer. Instead,
    messages are first explained within the IP datagram before moving to the
    lower layer.
    DHCP
    References

    https://www.tutorialandexample.com/address-mapping/

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