Landslide

Mitigation Measures
Ir Shabri Shaharom
Principal
Perunding Shash
Topics to cover

 Why these happens?

 Failures mechanism
 Causes of failures
 Design guideline
 Maintenance guideline
 Case study – failures
 Mitigation options
 Case study mitigationmeasures
 End
 Why these happens?

Tragedi Highland
Tower
11 Disember 1993

48 orang terkorban
 Why these happens?

Bukit
Antarabangsa
6 Disember
2008, 3.50 am

4 terkorban, 15 cedera, 14 banglo

ranap
 Why these happens?

Rumah Anak-
anak Yatim
Madrasah Al-
Taqwa Hulu
Langat
21 May 2011,
2.20pm

16 terkorban
 Why these happens?

Tapak projek
jalan berkembar
Jalan Bukit
Kukus, Paya
Terubong.
19 October 2018 ,
2.00pm

9 terkorban, 4 cedera, 13 kontena

tertimbus
 Why these happens?

Bukit Lanjan,
Lebuhraya
Utara Selatan
 Why these happens?

Jalan Kuala Berang-

Gua Musang
Why these happens?

Jalan Ringlet-
Tanah Rata
 Why these happens?

Jalan Bukit Tunku

 Why these happens?

Jalan Sepanggar
Kota Kinabalu
 Why these happens?

Km 231.6 FT 001
di Bukit Berapit
 Why these happens?

Jalan Baru Gap –

Bukit Fraser
 Why these happens?

Jalan Selayang –
Rawang
 Why Slope Fails ?

What are Slope Failures?

 They are referred to as the downslope movement of rock
debris and soil in response to gravitational stresses.

 classified according to the type of downslope movement

namely falls, slides, and flows.
Types of Slope Failure
what causes Slope Failures?
 Like all geohazards, the causes are myriad and complex.
 Generally speaking, slope stability is based on the interaction of two forces
namely driving and resisting forces. Driving forces promote the downslope
movement of slope material whilst resisting forces resist movement.

 Common causes of slope failure include:

 Slope Steepness
 Drainage and Stream Action
 Vegetation
 Human Modifications
 Failures mechanism

DRIVING FORCE
 The main driving force in most land movements is gravity.
 Does gravity act alone? NO!! Slope angle, climate, slope material, and water
 Water can also increase the driving force. The weight (load) on the slope increases when water
fills previously empty pore spaces and fractures

RESISTING FORCE
 The main resisting force is the material's shear strength
 Shear strength is a function of cohesion (ability of particles to attract and hold each other
together) and internal friction (friction between grains within a material)

FACTOR OF SAFETY
 Safety Factor (SF) = Resisting Forces SF
 Driving Forces DF

 If SF > 1 then SAFE If SF < 1 then UNSAFE

Failures mechanism

W = Weight of total mass of earth material (at center of mass).

D = Vector component of W parallel to potential movement.
N = Vector component of W normal to slip plane
Failures mechanism
Failure mitigations
Design guideline
The pertinent issues stated in this guidelines :

 Designer responsibilities.

 Techniques of site investigation

 Design data and parameter.

 Geological input

 Independent checker role and qualification.

 Maximum of 6 berms.

 Revised Factor of Safety (FOS)

 Drainage System requirements.

 MINIMUM MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE MOVEMENT
DESIGN COMPONENT MODE OF FAILURE FACTOR OF
VERTICAL LATERAL
SAFETY
1.1 Local & Global Stability 1.3
1. Unreinforced Slopes (cut & fill slopes)
1.2 Bearing (fill) 2.0 Analysis should be according to GEOTECHNICAL MANUAL FOR
2.1 Local & Global Stability 1.5 SLOPES (1984), GEO Hong Kong
Reinforced or Treated Slopes (cut & fill slopes)
2.
(not on soft ground) Bearing (fill)
SOME TYPICAL GEOTECHNICAL 2.2 1.5
DESIGN CRITERIA FOR SLOPES 3.1 Tensile Resistance 2.0
DESIGN 3.2 Resistance at Soil Grout Geo Spec 1 (1989), GEO Hong Kong
3. Permanent Anchors
Interface 3.0 BS 8081
3.3 Creep/Corrosion
4.1 Overturning 2.0
4.2 Sliding 1.5 15mm along face of wall
4. Rigid Retaining Structures 15mm along face of wall
4.3 Overall Stability 1.5 Geoguide 1 (1983), GEO Hong Kong
4.4 Bearing 2.0
Reinforced Fill External Stability 15mm from reference
5. BS 8006 5mm per metre height
Walls/Structures Internal Stability alignment
12mm along axis of pile at pile head at
design load.
6. Individual Foundation Piles 6.1 Shaft Resistance 2.0 38mm or 10% pile size at pile head at
(mainly under axial loads) twice design load.

6.2 Base Resistance 2.0 BS 8004

12mm along axis of pile at pile head at
7. Individual Foundation Loads design load.
12mm perpendicular to axis of
(mainly under lateral & Ultimate Lateral Resistance 2.5
pile at design load
bending loads perpendicular
to axis of pile) BS 8004
12mm at Working Load
8. Pile Group Block Bearing Capacity 2.0
BS 8004
As for
individual As 4 above for rigid retaining structures
9. Piles as Retaining Structures As for 4, 6 & 7 above
foundation BS 8004
piles
10.1 Bearing (short term) 1.4 7 years post construction settlement :
10. Embankment on Soft Ground 10.2 Local & Global Slope 1.2 (i) within 10m from bridge approach < 100mm
Stability (long term) (ii) road < 250mm
Maintenance guideline
Among the pertinent issues stated in this guidelines :

 Routine inspection

 Routine Maintenance works

 Repair works

 Engineers inspection

 Regular Checks Of Buried Water-carrying Services

 Regular Monitoring Of Special Measures

Slope Inspection Guidelines
 Recommended frequency of maintenance inspections
Consequence-to- Frequency of Maintenance
life Category of Routine Inspections
Disturbed Terrain Maintenance Frequency of
Features Inspections Engineer

Once every five

Category 1 and 2 Once every year
years

Once every five Once every ten

Category 3
years years

located in a React to known React to known

remote area hazard hazard
 1. Cut Slopes with access
2. Slopes without access

1 2
Inaccessible Slope
Inaccessible Slope
Abseiling Training
 Required
maintenance

Blocked
Berm Drains
 Required
maintenance

Broken Road
Side Drains
 Required
maintenance

Erosion At The
Base Of The
Cascading Drain
 Required
maintenance

Bare Surface
Subject To
Erosion
 Required
maintenance

Clogged
Culverts
 Required
Repair

Slope Failure
Due To Broken
Water Pipe
 Required
Repair

Effect Of
Bush Fire
Mitigation
options
 Mitigation
options

Slope Soft cover

 Mitigation
options

Slope Stabilisation Using

Vegetation
Bio-engineering slope cover
 Mitigation
options

Artificial Covers
Gunite
 Mitigation
options

Proper Drainage System Interceptor Drain

Berm Drain
 Mitigation
options

Horizontal Drainpipes
 Mitigation
options

Gabion Wall

Hill View, Ampang, Selangor

 Mitigation
options

Retaining
Wall
 Mitigation
options

Reinforced
Earth Wall
 Mitigation
options

Crib Wall
 Mitigation
options

Rock-fill Buttresses
Mitigation Rock Netting
options
 Mitigation options

Anchors, Bolts and Dowels

Rock Anchor
 Mitigation options

Scaling and Trimming

 Rock Sheds /
Mitigation options Shelters
 Mitigation options

Debris Wall Retaining Wall and

Check Dams
Check Dam
Mitigation options
Terramesh
Wall

Gabion
Mitigation options
Bridge
Structure

Contigous Bored
Mitigation options
Debris Flow
Fence

Rock Fence
Mitigation options
Soil Nail &
Guniting

Rock Bolt &

Netting
 Mitigation options

Rockf
ill

27.1KM, Gombak-Bentong road

Case study
Case study GABION
WALL,TURFIN
G, GUARD
RAIL, STONE
PITCHING

FT 061 Alor Gajah – Tampin Road

Case study

FT 185 – 008 – 400 RH, Gua Musang,

Kelantan
Case study

Pile Embankment
Drainage system, guardrail and
turfing

FT 087, Temerloh-Mentakab, Pahang

Case study

FT278, Gunung Raya, Langkawi Island, Kedah

Slope failure Soil Nailing works After repaired

Case study Gabion, RC wall, Geotechtile,
re-profile, turfing, roadworks

Jalan Kesban, FT270,

Kedah
Case study
Gabion Wall & Slope Reprofile

KM 231.6 Bukit Berapit

Case study Slope rebuilt using geosynthetic
reinforcement

Seksyen 10, Wangsa Maju

Case study

FT 01 Alor Setar-Butterworth Road, Kuala Muda – Sik, Kedah

Case study
i) Soil nail & Guniting
ii) Bridge structure

Jalan Baru Gap – Bukit Fraser

Case study
Crib Wall

Jalan Sultan Salahuddin

Case study
Anchored Contigous Bored Pile

Jalan Ranau - Tamparuli

Example of Conceptual Proposal

for Geotechnical Slope Repair

KAJIAN PENGHASILAN PETA BAHAYA DAN RISIKO CERUN
FASA 2 KAWASAN CAMERON HIGHLANDS, PAHANG

JALAN FT185 Sek 62 Jalan Lojing – Pos Blau)

 road-tunnel-tunnels_~u19088635.jpg

Will these
be our
future
roads in
hilly
terrains ?
Terima kasih