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    Sleeping Sickness by Anukriti

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    Sandeep Kumar Raghuvanshi
    Trypanosoma gambiense is a parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans. It is transmitted through the bite of the tsetse fly. The parasite lives in the blood, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid of humans, and in the intestine of the tsetse fly. The life cycle is digenetic, involving a human host and tsetse fly vector. In humans, the parasite can invade the central nervous system in the later stages of disease, causing symptoms like disrupted sleep patterns. Diagnosis involves blood and CSF examination for parasites. Current treatments include drugs like Suramin and Lomidine. Prevention focuses on avoiding tsetse fly bites through protective clothing and insect repellents.

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    Sleeping Sickness by Anukriti

    Uploaded by

    Sandeep Kumar Raghuvanshi
    15 views13 pages
    Trypanosoma gambiense is a parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans. It is transmitted through the bite of the tsetse fly. The parasite lives in the blood, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid of humans, and in the intestine of the tsetse fly. The life cycle is digenetic, involving a human host and tsetse fly vector. In humans, the parasite can invade the central nervous system in the later stages of disease, causing symptoms like disrupted sleep patterns. Diagnosis involves blood and CSF examination for parasites. Current treatments include drugs like Suramin and Lomidine. Prevention focuses on avoiding tsetse fly bites through protective clothing and insect repellents.

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    SLEEPING SICKNESS

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    Trypanosoma gambiense is a parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans. It is transmitted through the bite of the tsetse fly. The parasite lives in the blood, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid of humans, and in the intestine of the tsetse fly. The life cycle is digenetic, involving a human host and tsetse fly vector. In humans, the parasite can invade the central nervous system in the later stages of disease, causing symptoms like disrupted sleep patterns. Diagnosis involves blood and CSF examination for parasites. Current treatments include drugs like Suramin and Lomidine. Prevention focuses on avoiding tsetse fly bites through protective clothing and insect repellents.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    15 views13 pages

    Sleeping Sickness by Anukriti

    Uploaded by

    Sandeep Kumar Raghuvanshi
    Trypanosoma gambiense is a parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans. It is transmitted through the bite of the tsetse fly. The parasite lives in the blood, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid of humans, and in the intestine of the tsetse fly. The life cycle is digenetic, involving a human host and tsetse fly vector. In humans, the parasite can invade the central nervous system in the later stages of disease, causing symptoms like disrupted sleep patterns. Diagnosis involves blood and CSF examination for parasites. Current treatments include drugs like Suramin and Lomidine. Prevention focuses on avoiding tsetse fly bites through protective clothing and insect repellents.

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    Sleeping sickness

    Anukrity
    M.Sc. Previous (Zoology)
    Bareilly College , Bareilly
    Introduction
     It is also known as Human African Trypanosomiasis, caused by
    Trypanosoma gambiense which is a parasite in humans.
     These animals are referred to as Vector, Tsetse fly is found only in
    the Sub Saharan Areas.
     It is reported from Central and West Africa, Nigeria , Congo and
    Central America.
    Historical background
     Valentine was the first to report Trypanosoma in the
    blood of a Trout.
     Gruby established the genus and Lewis reported it from
    the blood of rat. Gabriel Valentine

     Forde (1901) first observed this parasite in the blood of


    man. It was again confirmed by Dutton (1902).
     Castellani reported this parasite in the cerebrospinal
    fluid of man. Then, Bruce and Nabarro established the
    relationship of the disease sleeping sickness with this
    parasite.
     Bruce also discovered that the disease is transmitted by David Bruce
    tsetse fly.
    Life cycle and disease
     The life cycle is digenetic, a primary vertebrate and secondary invertebrate
    host. The vertebrate host is man and the invertebrate host is blood sucking fly,
    Glossina palpalis (Tsetse fly).
     Part of Life Cycle in Man: The parasites first live in the blood of the infected
    man, but later find their way into the cerebrospinal fluid. The parasites multiply
    by longitudinal binary fission in the blood and produce three forms of individuals,
    (i) Long and thin form’s with a free flagellum,
    (ii) Short and stumpy forms with a reduced flagellum and
    (iii) Intermediate forms.
    It has been observed that the parasites number periodically fluctuate in the
    blood of man. During the period of decrease, the short and stumpy forms survive
    the period of depression and the rest die. These short and stumpy forms are
    capable of development in the intermediate host, Glossina palpalis (Testse fly).
    Trypanosoma gambiense lives as a
    parasite in the blood, lymph,
    lymph node, spleen and
    cerebrospinal fluid of man and in
    the intestine of blood sucking fly
    Glossina palpalis(Tsetse fly).
    Part of Life Cycle in Tsetse Fly:
     When a tsetse fly sucks the blood of an infected man,
    parasites enter into the midgut of the fly. These
    parasites remain there for a few days and start
    multiplying by longitudinal binary fission.
     After several more days, parasite ways to fly’s salivary
    gland. In the salivary glands they develops into crithidial
    forms.
     The crithidial forms are characterized by a shorter
    flagellum and undulating membrane. After the
    development for 2-5 days, the crithidial forms proceeds
    into metacyclic forms (infective). These metacyclic
    forms pass down through the ducts and hypopharynx.
    When the fly bites a man, the metacyclic forms enter
    the blood of man along with the saliva of the fly. The
    whole cycle in the fly usually takes 2-30 days.
    Pathogenicity

    As the parasite crosses blood-brain barrier, the sleep/wake cycle


    become reversed hence the common name is “African Sleeping
    sickness” with day time somnolence, nocturnal insomnia & sudden urge
    to sleep.
    Sign and Symptoms
    Stage 1 : itching , irritation near the
    wound, dark red lesion, fever, headache,
    joint pain , weakness, loss of weight and
    anemia .
    Stage 2 : Trouble sleeping , confusion ,
    poor coordination ,swelling of lymph node ,
    Diagnosis
    • Screening:
    Serological test are used
    • Microscopic :
    Lymph & Blood- Stage 1 Infection
    CSF-Stage 2 infection and for staging
    Parasites are not easily visible in T.gambiense infections and so
    concentration techniques may be used
    .Clinical Examination:
    For Posterior cervical 1ymphadenopathy
    Not a Preferred method for diagnosis
    TREATMEN
     Arsenic and antimony compounds were
    Tthe drugs for treatment of
    until recently
    Sleeping sickness, but now they are rarely
    used except for late stages when the
    parasites have invaded the central nervous
    system.

    Two drugs, Bayer 205 (also called Antrypol,


    Germanin or Suramin), and Lomidine are
    now widely used for treatment human
    infections. These drugs are low in toxicity,
    effective in treatment and prevent
    reinfection for several months.
    Prevention

     Wear protective clothing


     Use bed net while sleeping
     Eradication vector( Tse Tse fly)
     Stay away from bushes
     Complete health check up at regular time
     Use insect repellant such as spray
    THANK
    YOU

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