Welcome to Cloud Computing

Krishna Chakravarty
School of Computer Engineering
 Module Outline

• Fundamental concepts of Distributed Systems

• Cluster Computing
• Grid Computing
• Cloud Computing
• Mobile Computing
 What is computing?
• Computing is the process of using computer technology to
complete a given goal-oriented task.
• Computing may encompass the design and development of
software and hardware systems for a broad range of purposes -
often structuring, processing and managing any kind of information
• to aid in the pursuit of scientific studies, making intelligent systems,
and creating and using different media for entertainment and
communication.
• the use of a computer to process data or perform calculations.
• It has scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological and
social aspects.
• The list is virtually endless, and the possibilities are vast
 What is Distributed sysem?
• A distributed system, also known as distributed computing,
is a system with multiple components located on different
machines that communicate and coordinate actions in order
to appear as a single coherent system to the end-user.
• Example -
• Telecommunication networks: Telephone networks and
Cellular networks.
• A massively multiplayer online game (MMOG, or more
commonly, MMO) is an online game with large numbers of
players, often hundreds or thousands
• World wide web
 Distributed Systems :
A brief introduction
• A collection of independent computers that
appears to its users as a single coherent system.
• Features:
– No shared memory
– Message-based communication
– Each runs its own local OS
– Heterogeneity
• Ideal: to present a single-system image:
– The distributed system “looks like” a single computer
rather than a collection of separate computers.
 Distributed Systems :
A brief introduction
Distributed system: the hardware and software
of a collection of independent computers that
cooperate to realize some functionality
• –usually, individual parts cannot realize that
functionality just by themselves
• –may be serving a user (...ultimately)
 Centralized System Characteristics
On-Cs-Ra-S-P-P
• One component with Non-autonomous parts
• Components shared by users all the time
• All Resources accessible
• Software runs in a single process
• Single point of control
• Single point of failure
 Distributed System Characteristics
opposite of Centralised..
• Multiple autonomous components
• Components are not shared by all users
• Resources may not be accessible
• Software runs in concurrent processes on
different processors
• Multiple points of control
• Multiple points of failure
 Distributed System Characteristics
(SEAM)
• To present a Single-system image:
– Hide internal organization, communication details
– Provide uniform interface
• Easily Expandable
– Adding new computers is hidden from users
• Continuous Availability
– Failures in one component can be covered by other
components
• Supported by Middleware
 Advantages of Distributed System over
Centralized System(SIRI)
• Speed - When used to implement parallel processing where only
goal is to achieve
maximum speed on a single problem, distributed systems can
achieve very high speed as
compared to the centralized ones.

• Inherent Distribution- Another reason for building a distributed

system is that some
applications are inherently distributed. Banking, Airline reservation
etc. are examples of the
applications that are inherently distributed . When all the branches
of a bank are connected,
we have a commercial distributed system.
 Contd ..
• Reliability- By distributing the workload over many machines, a
single chip failure will bring down at most one machine, leaving
the rest intact.
For critical applications, such as control of nuclear reactors or
aircraft, using a distributed system to achieve high reliability
may be a dominant consideration
• Incremental Growth- Often a company will buy a
mainframe with the intention of doing all its work on it.
If the company prospers and the workload grows, at a
certain point the mainframe will no longer be adequate.
 Contd ..
• The only solutions are to either replace the
mainframe with a larger one (if it exists), or
add a second mainframe. Both of these can
cause management difficulties with the
company's operations.
• In contrast, with a distributed system, it may
be possible to simply add more processors to
the system, thus allowing it to expand
gradually as the need arises.
 Disadvantages of Distributed System

• Software: difficult to develop software for

distributed systems
• Control :Distribution of control
• Network: saturation, lossy transmissions
• Security: easy access also applies to secret
data
• Hard to detect faults
• Administration issues
 What is Cluster Computing?
•A computer cluster is a group of linked computers, working together
closely so that in many respects they form a single computer.
•The components of a cluster are commonly, but not always, connected to
each other through fast local area networks.
•Clusters are usually deployed to improve performance and/or availability
over that provided by a single computer, while typically being much more
cost-effective than single computers of comparable speed.
APP APP … APP

Cluster Middle ware

High Speed Local Network

CPU CPU … CPU

Cluster
 What is Cluster Computing?
Cluster consists of :
 Nodes(master + computing)
 Network
 OS
 Cluster middleware: Middleware such as MPI (Message Passing
Interface) which permits compute clustering programs to be
portable to a wide variety of clusters

 A cluster has two types of computers - a master computer, and node

computers.
 When a large problem or set of data is given to a cluster, the master
computer first runs a program that breaks the problem into small
discrete pieces; it then sends a piece to each node to compute. As
nodes finish their tasks, the master computer continually sends more
pieces to them until the entire problem has been computed.
 Types of cluster computing
• High Availability (HA) and failover clusters –
1. These models are built to provide an availability of services and resources
in an uninterrupted manner through the use of implicit redundancy to
the system.
2. If a cluster node fails (failover), applications or services may be available
in another node.
3. These types are used to cluster data base of critical missions, mail, file
and application servers.
• Load balancing (LB) –
1. This model distributes incoming traffic or requests for resources from
nodes that run the same programs between machines that make up the
cluster.
2. If a node fails, the requests are redistributed among the nodes available.
3. This type of solution is usually used for Web servers .
Load Balancing
 Types of cluster computing
• HA &LB combination –
1. As its name says, it combines the features of both types
of cluster, thereby increasing the availability and
scalability of services and resources.
2. This type of cluster configuration is widely used in web,
email, news, or ftp servers.
 Cluster Computing
Advantages
 Increasing speed – better performance
 optimized resources utilization
 Can execute Large applications

Disadvantages
 Complex programming models
 Difficult for debug and development
 Grid Computing

•Grid Computing was first coined in 1990s

by Cart Kesselman & Ian Foster and
defined as –
“Grid computing is coordinated resource
sharing and problem solving in dynamic,
multi-institutional virtual organizations.”

•
 Grid Computing
• Computing grids are conceptually and logically like electrical
grids. In an electrical grid, wall outlet allow us to connect to an
infrastructure of resources which generate and distribute the
electricity. Likewise, in the IT industry, grid computing uses
middleware to coordinate distinct IT resources over the network,
allowing them to function and work as a virtual whole.
• The goal of a computing grid , like that of a electrical grid, is to
provide users with access to the resources they need, when they
need them and to provide remote access to IT assets and
aggregating processing power.
• Grid provides a series of distributed computing resources via
LAN or WAN to the terminal user’s application, as if he is using a
super virtual computer.
• Grid computing is the integration of computer resources for
achieving similar objective.
• Grids are frequently created with middleware software
libraries of a common grid.
• Grids are a type of dispersed computing system, whereas a
virtualized super computer is made from various networked.
• Grids focus on two different but associated objectives—
supplying isolated access to IT resources and building up
processing control.
• The grid is a technology which controls two factors—
allocation and trust.
• Grid Computing is a subset of distributed
computing, where a virtual super computer
comprises of machines on a network
connected by some bus, mostly Ethernet or
sometimes the Internet.
 Components in Grid
A Grid computing network mainly consists of these three types of machines
Control Node:
• A computer, usually a server or a group of servers which administrates the
whole network and keeps the account of the resources in the network pool.
Provider:
• The computer which contributes it’s resources in the network resource pool.
User:
• The computer that uses the resources on the network.

For controlling the network and it’s resources a software/networking protocol is

used generaly known as Middleware. This is responsible for administrating the
network and the control nodes are merely it’s executors. As a grid computing
system should use only unused resources of a computer, it is the job of the control
node that any provider is not overloaded with tasks.
• Another job of the middleware is to authorize any process that is being
executed on the network. In a grid computing system, a provider gives
permission to the user to run anything on it’s computer, hence it is a huge
security threat for the network. Hence a middleware should ensure that
there is no unwanted task being executed on the network.
Architecture of Grid
 Grid Computing

Layers of Grid System architecture are as follows:

(i)Fabric Layer: Lowest layer
i. It comprises geographically distributed and sharable resources such as storage devices,
computing devices, high bandwidth networks and scientific instruments, etc.
ii. These resources are accessible from anywhere in the internet.

(ii)Connectivity Layer:
iii.It provides an easy and secure access to the resources through some standardized
protocols.
iv. The authentication protocols are used to provide proper verification of users and
resources.
v. The communication protocols provide a mechanism for transmission of data between
the fabric and the resource layer.
 Cont ...

(iii)Resource Layer:
i. It specifies the necessary protocols to operate among shared resources.
ii. It is primarily built upon the communication and authentication protocols of
connectivity layer.
iii. It defines the APIs (Application Program Interfaces) and SDK (Software Development Kit)
to make secure the initiation, accounting, negotiation, controlling and monitoring of
resources.
(iv)Collective Layer:
iv. It is used for common functional utilities.
v. The operations such as collaboration among the shared resources are performed in this
layer.
vi. It provides services like brokering, monitoring, scheduling, discovery, replication and co-
allocation etc.
 Grid Computing
(v)Application Layer:
This layer offers communication interfaces to the users
and the administrators for interacting with the Grid.
Types of Grid Systems
 Types of Grid Systems
•Compute Intensive:
i. Major functionality of this Grid is to offer powerful CPU resources, whereas
other characteristics are trivial.
ii. It intends to provide aggregated CPU cycles of several resources for
fulfilling computational need of a particular application.

•Data-Intensive Grid:
It offers large storage space for data discovery, data management and data
processing.

•Utility Grid:
i. It pools dynamically available resources to match the requirements of the
applications.
ii. This enables the Utility Grid to provide services that cannot be provided by
any single machine.
 Cont ...
•Self-Organized Grid:
i. Grid management is extremely challenging due to its complex dynamic
environment.
ii. However, Self-Organized Grid includes some intelligence embedded into its
infrastructure to automate its control, organization, and monitoring procedure.
iii. It can heal itself in changing and uncertain environments for maximizing reliability
and resource utilization.

•Real Time Grid:

i. Traditional Grid could not support certain requirements of many real time
applications.
ii. Technological advancement with increasing number of real time applications
initiated the emergence infrastructure that can deal with the rich variety of real
time interactions between the users and the applications through virtual
workspace.
iii. Therefore, Grids that support Real time applications such as disaster management,
e-healthcare, e-learning etc. can be termed as Real-Time Grid.
• a) Health
Examples
• World Community Grid
• World Community Grid’s mission is to create the largest public computing grid benefiting humanity, which is funded and
operated by IBM. Using the idle time of computers around the world, World Community Grid’s research projects have analyzed
aspects of the human genome, HIV, dengue, muscular dystrophy, and cancer.

• B) Engineering Design
• Analysis of real-time data to find a particular pattern.
• • Experiment modeling to create new designs.
• • Verifying existing models for accuracy using simulation activities.

• C) Grid Computing in Government

• C-DAC launched the Indian National Grid Computing Initiative - GARUDA, with a vision to facilitate solutions to scientific,
engineering and socio-economic development. GARUDA is a collaboration of scientific and technological researchers on a nation
wide grid comprising of computational nodes, mass storage and scientific instruments. The aim is to provide the technological
advances required to enable data and compute intensive science and engineering applications for the 21st Century.

• D) Education, Science and beyond

• SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) @Home project
• SETI@home is a scientific experiment that uses Internet-connected computers in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence
(SETI). You can participate by running a free program that downloads and analyzes radio telescope data.
• Education - e-learning

• E) Grid Computing in the Movie Industry

• Many films can’t be made without the use of grid computing not only because of special effects but also because of the fact that
grid computing enables faster production of a film.
• Grid computing is an enhancement tool for the studios.
 Mobile Computing
• Mobile Computing is a technology that allows
transmission of data, voice and video via a
computer or any other wireless enabled device
without having to be connected to a fixed physical
link. The main concept involves −

• Mobile communication
• Mobile hardware
• Mobile software
 Mobile Computing
• The mobile communication
in this case, refers to the
infrastructure put in place to
ensure that seamless and
reliable communication goes
on. These would include
devices such as protocols,
services, bandwidth, and
portals necessary to facilitate
and support the stated
services. The data format is
also defined at this stage.
 Mobile Computing
Mobile Hardware
Mobile hardware includes mobile
devices or device components that
receive or access the service of mobility.
They would range from portable laptops,
smartphones, tablet Pc's, Personal
Digital Assistants.

Mobile software
Mobile software is the actual program that
runs on the mobile hardware. It deals with
the characteristics and requirements of
mobile applications. This is the engine of the
mobile device. In other terms, it is the
operating system of the appliance. It's the
essential component that operates the
mobile device.
 What is Cloud Computing?
•Cloud Computing is a general term used to describe a
new class of network based computing that takes place
over the Internet,
basically a step on from Utility Computing
a collection/group of integrated and networked
hardware, software and Internet infrastructure
(called a platform).
Using the Internet for communication and
transport provides hardware, software and
networking services to clients
 Contd..
•These platforms hide the complexity and details of the
underlying infrastructure from users and applications by
providing very simple graphical interface or API
• The platform provides on demand services, that are always
on, anywhere, anytime and any place.
•Pay for use
•Scalable as needed
-scale up and down in capacity and functionalities
•The hardware and software services are available to general
public, enterprises, corporations and businesses markets
 Difference between cluster and cloud
computing (SCHOL)
• Spanning area -Cluster is a group of computers connected by a local area network
(LAN), whereas cloud and grid are more wide scale and can be geographically
distributed.

• Coupling - cluster is tightly coupled, whereas a grid or a cloud is loosely coupled.

• Homogeneity -clusters are made up of machines with similar hardware, whereas

clouds and grids are made up of machines with possibly very different hardware
configurations.

• Ownership: A grid is a collection of computers which is owned by multiple parties in

multiple locations. Whereas a cloud is a collection of computers usually owned by a
single party.

• Load distribution: In cluster the load is distributed among all nodes but in case of
Cloud, the resources are allocated as per the request. The whole data center is not
occupied by one job.
 What is Cloud Computing?
•Cloud computing is an umbrella term used to refer to Internet
based development and services
• We need not to install a piece of software on
our local PC and this is how the cloud
computing overcomes platform dependency
issues. Hence, the Cloud Computing is making
our business application mobile and
collaborative.
 Basic Concepts

There are certain services and models working behind the scene making
the cloud computing feasible and accessible to end users. Following are
the working models for cloud computing:

• Deployment Models
• Service Models
• DEPLOYMENT MODELS
• Deployment models define the type of access to the cloud, i.e., how the
cloud is located? Cloud can have any of the four types of access: Public,
Private, Hybrid and Community
 • The Public Cloud allows systems and
services to be easily accessible to the
Deployment Models general public. Public cloud may be less
secure because of its openness, e.g., e-
mail.

• The Private Cloud allows systems and

services to be accessible within an
organization. It offers increased security
because of its private nature.

• Cummunity Cloud -The Community Cloud

allows systems and services to be
accessible by group of organizations.

• The Hybrid Cloud -is mixture of public and

private cloud. However, the critical
activities are performed using private
cloud while the non-critical activities are
performed using public cloud.
Service Models INFRASTRUCTURE AS A SERVICE
(IAAS)
• IaaS provides access to
fundamental resources such as
physical machines, virtual
machines, virtual storage, etc.
PLATFORM AS A SERVICE (PAAS)
• PaaS provides the runtime
environment for applications,
development & deployment
tools, etc.
SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE (SAAS)
• SaaS model allows to use
software applications as a service
to end users
Benefits