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    The Indo-European Family of Languages - ORIGINAL

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    SADITH TORRES TORO
    This document provides an overview of the Indo-European family of languages. It discusses how the Indo-European family is the largest in the world, comprising over 450 languages spoken by approximately 3.5 billion people. The document traces the ancestry of the Indo-European languages back to Proto-Indo-European and provides timelines for when the major branches are believed to have split off, such as Anatolian splitting off first around 4200 BC. It also gives brief descriptions of the main branches within the Indo-European family, including Anatolian, Indo-Iranian, Greek, Italic, Germanic, and others. Finally, it discusses how languages are constantly changing and how separation of communities

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    The Indo-European Family of Languages - ORIGINAL

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    SADITH TORRES TORO
    83 views16 pages
    This document provides an overview of the Indo-European family of languages. It discusses how the Indo-European family is the largest in the world, comprising over 450 languages spoken by approximately 3.5 billion people. The document traces the ancestry of the Indo-European languages back to Proto-Indo-European and provides timelines for when the major branches are believed to have split off, such as Anatolian splitting off first around 4200 BC. It also gives brief descriptions of the main branches within the Indo-European family, including Anatolian, Indo-Iranian, Greek, Italic, Germanic, and others. Finally, it discusses how languages are constantly changing and how separation of communities

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    The Indo-European famIly of Languages - ORIGINAL

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    This document provides an overview of the Indo-European family of languages. It discusses how the Indo-European family is the largest in the world, comprising over 450 languages spoken by approximately 3.5 billion people. The document traces the ancestry of the Indo-European languages back to Proto-Indo-European and provides timelines for when the major branches are believed to have split off, such as Anatolian splitting off first around 4200 BC. It also gives brief descriptions of the main branches within the Indo-European family, including Anatolian, Indo-Iranian, Greek, Italic, Germanic, and others. Finally, it discusses how languages are constantly changing and how separation of communities

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    83 views16 pages

    The Indo-European Family of Languages - ORIGINAL

    Uploaded by

    SADITH TORRES TORO
    This document provides an overview of the Indo-European family of languages. It discusses how the Indo-European family is the largest in the world, comprising over 450 languages spoken by approximately 3.5 billion people. The document traces the ancestry of the Indo-European languages back to Proto-Indo-European and provides timelines for when the major branches are believed to have split off, such as Anatolian splitting off first around 4200 BC. It also gives brief descriptions of the main branches within the Indo-European family, including Anatolian, Indo-Iranian, Greek, Italic, Germanic, and others. Finally, it discusses how languages are constantly changing and how separation of communities

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    National University of San

    Martin
    Faculty of Education and
    Humanities
    The Indo-European famIly of Languages
    (LANGUAGE CONSTANTLY CHANGING. DIALECTAL
    DIFFERENTIATION)
    COURSE: History of the English Language.

    Professor: Dr. Carlo Espinoza Aguilar.

    YAP PEZO, Jain Nicol


    authors: BARRERA ARELLANO, Margarita
    PANDURO RIVA, Priscila
    CUEVA LESCANO, Yeni
    MONTERO DEL ÁGUILA, Evelyn del Carmen

    CAREER: Languages

    CYCLE: VII
    TARAPOTO – PERU
    2023
    The Indo-
    European
    famIly of
    Languages
    (Language Constantly Changing.
    Dialectal Differentiation).
    The Indo-European famIly of
    Languages
    INTRODUCTION:

    With the name of Indo-European languages,


    it is known to the largest family of languages
    in the world, in number of speakers.

    The Indo-European family, to which most of


    the languages of Europe, Greater Iran and
    South Asia belong, includes more than 150
    languages spoken by some 3.2 billion people
    (approximately 45% of the world’s
    population).
    HIST
    ORY
    The Indo-European languages include some
    449 languages spoken by about or more
    than 3.5 billion people (roughly half of the
    world population).

    Most of the major languages belonging to


    language branches and groups of Europe,
    and western and southern Asia, belong to
    the Indo-European language family.
    Therefore, Indo-European is the largest language
    family in the world by number of native speakers.
    Eight of the ten most important languages, by
    number of native speakers, are Indo-European. One
    of these languages, English, is the de facto World
    Lingua Franca with an estimated more than one
    billion second language speakers.

    The relationship of Indo-European branches, how


    they relate to each other and branch out from
    ancestral proto-language is a matter of further
    research and not yet well known. There are some
    individual Indo-European languages that are not
    classified within the linguistic family, are not yet
    classified into a branch and could be members of
    their own branch.
    ANCESTRAL (PROTO-
    INDO-EUROPEAN)
    PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
    (Extinct)

    EARLY PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
    (First phase of Indo-European)

    MIDDLE-PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
    ("Classical" Indo-European)

    LATE-PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN
    (Last phase of Indo-European
    DATING THE SPLIT-OFFS OF THE
    MAIN BRANCHES
    Although all Indo-European languages descend
    from a common ancestor called Proto-Indo-
    European, the kinship between the subfamilies
    or branches, that descend from other more
    recent proto-languages, is not the same because
    there are subfamilies that are closer or further,
    and they did not split-off at the same time, the
    affinity or kinship of Indo-European subfamilies
    or branches between themselves is still an
    unresolved and controversial issue and being
    investigated.
    Anatolian was the first group of Indo-European (branch) to split-off from all the others
    and Tocharian was the second in which that happened.

    Using a mathematical analysis borrowed from evolutionary biology, Donald Ringe and
    Tandy Warnow propose the following tree of Indo-European branches:

    PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN (PIE):

    1. Pre-Anatolian (before 3500 B.C)


    2. Pre-Tocharian
    3. Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic (before 2500 B.C)
    4. Pre-Armenian and Pre-Greek (after 2500 B.C)
    5. Proto-Indo-Iranian (2000 B.C)
    6. Pre-Germanic and Pre-Balto-Slavic; Proto-
    Germanic (500 B.C)
    David W. Anthony, following the methodology of Donald Ringe
    and Tandy Warnow, proposes the following sequence:

    PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN (PIE)

    1. Pre-Anatolian (4200 B.C)


    2. Pre-Tocharian (3700 B.C)
    3. Pre-Germanic (3300 BC)
    4. Pre-Italic and Pre-Celtic (3000 B.C)
    5. Pre-Armenian (2800 B.C)
    6. Pre-Balto-Slavic (2800 B.C)
    7. Pre-Greek (2500 B.C)
    8. Proto-Indo-Iranian (2200 B.C); split between Old Iranian
    and Old Indic (1800 B.C).
    LANGUAGES OF THE INDO-EUROPEAN FAMI
    ANATOLIAN:

    The Anatolian languages, now extinct, were spoken


    during the first and second millennium BCE. C. in
    what is now Asiatic Turkey and northern Syria.

    INDO-
    IRANIAN:

    Indo-Iranian comprises two main sub-branches, Indo-Aryan


    (Indic) and Elirani _Indo-Aryan languages have been spoken in
    what is now northern and central India and Pakistan since
    before 1000 BCE.
    GREEK:

    Greek, despite its numerous dialects, has been a single language


    throughout its history. It has been spoken in Greece since at least
    1600 BC and, in all probability, since the end of the third
    millennium BC.

    ITALIC:

    The main language of the Italic group is Latin, originally the speech of the city of
    Rome and the ancestor of the modern Romance languages: Italian, Romanian,
    Spanish, Portuguese, French, etc.

     GERMANIC.
     ARMENIAN.
     TOCARIO.
     CELTIC.
     BALTO-SLAVIC.
     ALBANIAN.
    LANGUAGE
    CONSTANTLY
    CHANGING
    LANGUAGE CONSTANTLY
    CHANGING:
    In the mind of the average person language is associated with
    writing and calls up a picture of the printed page. From Latin or
    French as we meet it in literature, we get an impression of
    something uniform and relatively fixed.

    We are likely to forget that writing is only a conventional device


    for recording sounds and that language is primarily speech. Even
    more important, we tend to forget that the Latin of Cicero or the
    French of Voltaire is the product of centuries of development and
    that language as long as it lives and is in actual use is in a constant
    state of change.
    DIALECTAL
    DIFFERENTIATION
    DIALECTAL DIFFERENTIATION:
    As noted above, where communication is constant and takes place
    among people who speak a language, individual differences merge into
    the general discourse of the community, and some conformity
    prevails.

    But if any separation of one community from another takes place and
    lasts a considerable time, the differences grow between them.

    The differences can be slight if the separation is mild, and we only have
    local dialects. On the other hand, they can become so considerable
    that they make the language of one district unintelligible to speakers
    of another.
    THANK
    very much
    YOU
    FOR YOUR

    attention

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