Bones

• Collarbone
• Slender
• S-shaped
• Located at the base of the neck /
• Superior part of the thoracic cage
Type Long bone
Length Approximately 6 inches (15 cm)
Number in the
2 ( 1 on either side)
human body
Articulates with Scapula and sternum

1. Medial/Sternal end:
• Enlarged
• Convex
• Articulates with the
manubrium sterni.
• Sternal facet:
• A quadriangular facet
• Joins the clavicle to the
sternum
• Articulates with the first
costal cartilage
2. ACROMIAL (LATERAL) END:
• Flat
• Concave
• Articulates with acromion of
scapula
• Acromial facet
• Small
• Oval
• Connects the clavicle to the
scapula
• SHAFT
• Has 2 regions
• Medial 2/3 –
• 4 surfaces
• Costal tuberosity:
• Rough oval elevation
impression
• Lateral 1/3 –
• 2 borders
• 2 surfaces
• Conoid Tubercle:
• Rough, bumpy projection on the inferior
surface
• Attachment for conoid ligament, a part of
the coracoclavicular ligament
• Attaches clavicle to coracoid process of
scapula
• Trapezoid ridge/line:
• Runs from the conoid tubercle to the
acromial end
• Att for trapezoid ligament, a part of
coracoclavicular ligament
• Subclavian groove or sulcus
• Runs from the costal tuberosity to
the conoid tubercle
• Att for the subclavius muscle
• Attachments
• 1 At the lateral end, the margin of the articular surface for its
acromioclavicular joint gives attachment to the joint capsule.
• 2 At the medial end, the margin of the articular surface for the sternum
gives attachment to:
• a. Fibrous capsule of sternoclavicular joint all around
• b. Articular disc posterosuperiorly.
• c. Interclavicular ligament superiorly.
• 3 Lateral one-third of shaft
• deltoid.
• trapezius ..
• conoid and trapezoid parts of the coracoclavicular ligament.
• 4 Medial two-thirds of the shnft
• Pectoralis major.
• clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid
• costoclavicular ligament.
• subclavius muscle.
• clavipectoral fascia.
• The subclavian vessels and cords of brachial Plexus
OSSIFICATION
• The clavicle is the first bone in the body to ossify.
• Except for its medial end, it ossifies in membrane.
• It ossifies from two primary centres and one secondary centre.
• The two primary centres appear in the shaft between the fifth and sixth
weeks of intrauterine life, and fuse about the 45th day.
• The secondary centre for the medial end appears during 15-17 years,
and fuses with the shaft during 21- 22 years. Occasionally, there may be
a secondary centre for the acromial end.
APPLIED ANATOMY
• The clavicles may be congenitally absent, or imperfectly developed in a d

isease called cleidocrnnial dysostosis. In this condition, the shoulders
droop, and can b e approximated anteriorly in front of the chest.
Fractures of the Clavicle
 The clavicle is commonly fractured
especially in children as forces are
impacted to the outstretched hand
during falling.
 The weakest part of the clavicle is
the junction of the middle and
lateral thirds.
 After fracture, the medial fragment
is elevated (by the sternomastoid
muscle), the lateral fragment drops
because of the weight of the UL.
 It may be pulled medially by the
adductors of the arm.
 The sagging limb is supported by the
other.
• The body of the scapula
consists of a triangular-
shaped flat blade.
• two surfaces,
• three borders,
• three angles, and
• three processes
Surfaces
• Costal Surface
• It is the anterior surface
• large concave depression – the
subscapular fossa
• three longitudinal ridges.
• The dorsal surface

• spine of the scapula
• Supraspinous fossa
• Infraspinous fossa
• BORDERS
• The superior border
• The lateral border
• The medial border
• ANGLES
• The superior angle
• The inferior angle
• The lateral angle
• PROCESSES
• Deltoid muscle
• The spine or spinous process
• Supraspinatus
• Acromion • Infraspinatus
• coracoid • Triceps brachii muscle (long head)
• Teres minor
• Teres major
• Latissimus dorsi
• Coracobrachialis
• Biceps brachii
• Subscapularis muscle
• Omohyoid
• Trapezius
• Levator scapulae
• Rhomboid major
• Rhomboid minor
• Serratus anterior
• Pectoralis minor
WINGED SCAPULA
It will protrude posteriorly.
The patient has difficulty in
raising the arm above the head
(difficult in rotation of the
scapula).
It is due to injury of the long
thoracic nerve (as in radical
mastectomy) which causes
paralysis of serratus anterior
muscle
The medial border and inferior
angle of the scapula will no
longer be kept closely applied
to the chest wall
• Proximal end
• Head
• Anatomical neck
• Greater tubercle
• Lesser tubercle
• Intertubercular Sulcus
• Surgical Neck
• Shaft
• 3 borders
• Anterior border
• Lateral border
• Medial border
3 surfaces
• Anterolateral
• Anteromedial
• Posterior
• Distal end
• Articular part
• Capitulum
• Trochlear
• Non-articular part
• Medial epicondyle
• Lateral epicondyle
• Lateral supraepicondylar ridge
• Medial supraepicondylar ridge
• Coronoid fossa
• Radial fossa
• Olecranon
Fractures of Humerus
 Most common fractures are of the Surgical
Neck especially in elder people with
osteoporosis.
 The fracture results from falling on the hand
(transition of force through the bones of
forearm of the extended limb).
 In younger people, fractures of the greater
tubercle results from falling on the hand
when the arm is abducted .
 The body of the humerus can be fractured
by a direct blow to the arm or by indirect
injury as falling on the oustretched hand.
Nerves affected in
fractures of humerus
Surgical neck: Axillary
nerve
Radial groove: Radial
nerve.
Distal end of humerus:
Median nerve.
Medial epicondyle : Ulnar
nerve.
• Upper end
• A disk-shaped head (caput radii)
• A neck,
• The radial tuberosity,
• Shaft
• Borders
• Anterior;
• Posterior;
• Medial (or interosseous)
• Surfaces
• 1. Anterior; 2. Posterior; 3. Lateral
• Distal end
• A styloid process projecting
distally on the lateral side
• A prominent dorsal tubercle (or
Lister’s tubercle) on the dorsal
surface
• The ulnar notch on the medial
side
Fractures of radius
 Because the radius & ulna are firmly bound
by the interosseous membrane, a fracture of
one bone is commonly associated with
dislocation of the nearest joint.
 Colle’ s Fracture (fracture of the distal end of
radius) is the most common fracture of the
forearm.
 It is more common in women after middle age
because of osteoporosis.
 It causes dinner fork deformity.
 It results from forced dorsiflexion of the hand
as a result to ease a fall by outstretching the
upper limb.
 The typical history of the fracture includes
slipping. Because of the rich blood supply to
the distal end of the radius, bony union is
usually good.
• Proximal end
• olecranon process,
• coronoid process,
• trochlear notch, and
• the radial notch
• Shaft
• the anterior, posterior, interosseous
borders
• and the anterior, posterior, medial
surfaces
• Distal end
• Head of ulna
• Styloid process

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• Collarbone

Length Approximately 6 inches (15 cm)

Articulates with Scapula and sternum

• The clavicles may be congenitally absent, or imperfectly developed in a d

• The dorsal surface

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