Level Presentation

LEVEL MEASUREMENT
INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT
INTERNAL TRAINING
LEVEL MEASUREMENT
Why Measure Level?
 Inventory Control
 Custody transfer
 Process Efficiency
 Safety
 Consistent Supply
LEVEL MEASUREMENT
Questions to Consider When Selecting Level
Measurement Device
 Why is level measurement needed
 Is interface measurement needed
 What are the conditions within the vessel
 What are the environmental and external conditions
 What are the Product Characteristics
 What are the accuracy requirements for the
application
 What are the instruments requirements
 What is the total cost of the device
 What is the operator comfort
Classification
Three measuring principles – one
philosophy
Radar pulses or ultrasonic waves are emitted by a
sender, reflected by the product surface and again
detected by a receiver.
From the Time-of-Flight (ToF) of the pulse, the
distance between the sender and the surface is
determined using the
known velocity of propagation. The level can be
calculated from this value taking the tank height into
consideration.
The three Time-of-Flight principles
Radar technology is well established in different
continuous level measurement tasks of liquids and
solids. Mostly in the chemical, oil & gas, life sciences,
water/ waste water and primary industry.
Time-of-Flight principles can be selected into three
categories:
• Guided level radar – Levelflex
• Level radar – Micropilot
• Ultrasonic – Siemens
Guided radar level measurement
Levelflex
Measurement in liquids and bulk solids
Guided radar pulse measurement is suited to both bulk
solids (rope probes) and liquids (rod and coaxial probes).
The surface condition of the medium is of minor
importance due to the safe guidance of the reflected waves.
Different angled surfaces or outflow funnels, as they occur in
bulk solids, do not influence measurement. Reliable
measurement is also safeguarded in turbulent liquid
surfaces or foam formation.
 Guided radar can also be employed for interface measuring.
Functional principle
The Levelflex uses high-frequency radar
pulses guided along a probe.
The characteristic impedance changes
as pulses meet the surface of the
medium and part of the transmitted
pulses is reflected.
The time between transmission and
reception of the reflected pulse is
measured and analyzed by the
instrument and provides a direct value
for the distance between the process
connection and the medium surface.
Configuration of a level measurement
Radar level measurement
Non-contact measurement in liquids and bulk solids
Radar level measurement is a safe solution for liquids
under extreme process conditions (pressure,
temperature) and vapors.
The development of this measuring principle led to its
use in bulk solid applications, since it is unaffected by
dust and noise.
Functional principle
It uses high-frequency radar pulses which are emitted
from an antenna and reflected by the product surface.
The Time-of-Flight t0 of the reflected radar pulses is
directly proportional to the path traveled d.
d=c(t/2)
c = speed of light 300,000km/s
Taking the tank geometry into consideration, the level
can be calculated from this value.
Measuring frequencies
The frequencies used by radar instruments are
approximately 6 and 26GHz.
26GHz
• Unaffected by tank baffles due to small beam angles
starting at 4°
• High accuracy starting from ±2mm (0.08")
6GHz
• Lower impairment through strong condensate, build-up
or foam
Ultrasonic level measurement
Non-contact measurement in liquids, pastes and bulk
solids
The ultrasonic method is a tried and tested, as well as
cost-effective, solution for level measurement in liquids
and bulk solids. Instruments are available as compact or
separate versions. This measuring principle is
characterized by easy planning and assembly, fast and
safe commissioning, a long service life and reduced
maintenance costs. Typical applications include abrasive
and aggressive media, even in rough ambient conditions,
but also tasks in water and waste water engineering.
The Prosonic family works with ultrasonic
pulses which are reflected from the
medium surface by the density change
between air and the medium.
The time between transmission and
reception of the pulse is measured and
analyzed by the instrument and provides a
direct value for the distance between the
sensor membrane and the medium surface.
MECHANICAL LEVEL SWITCH
FLOAT OPERATED LEVEL SWITCH
DISPLACER LEVEL OPERATED LS
Capacitance Level Switch
Sensing level by changes in electrical
capacitance between the switch and
the liquid.
Capacitance decreases as long as the

distance between liquid and switch
decreasing .
ELECTRONIC DRUM LEVEL INDICATOR
LEVELSTATE 202B SYSTEM
This is an electronic alternative to the gauge glass
providing a significant improvement in accuracy,
visibility, reliability and safety , enabling transmission
of water level condition to a remote display.
The discrimination between water and steam is based
on the significant difference in resistivity between the
two state over saturation range.
The sensing element is aprobe with an insulated tip
inserted in a side arm water column.
If a voltage is applied to the tip , conduction occurs
between the tip and the inside wall of the column.
The dimensions are selected to provide a resistance
typically less than 0.1 Mega-ohms when the probe is
immersed in water, which results in a resistance
greater than 5.0 Mega-ohms for steam conditions
Any probe wires develops short circuit Fault , this
condition also declares water state.
Water conductivity stands at about 6K-ohms
Level state 202B
Infra Red Type Donnelly Chute Level
Sensors and Indicating Transmitters:
Infrared Sensors
This is a type of motion sensors that use infrared
radiations.
Types of infrared sensors:
Active infrared sensor
Passive infrared sensors
Active Infrared sensors
This works with radar technology and they both emit
and receive infrared radiation . This radiation hits the
objects nearby and bounces back to the receiver of the
device.
Passive Infrared Sensor(PIR sensor)
-This do not emit radiation but simply receives the one
that the objects nearby are naturally emitting
N/B: IR works on the lower end of the electromagnetic
spectrum and is therefore invisible to the human eye.
Its wavelength is between 0.75 and 1000 micrometer.
Infra Red Type Donnelly Chute
Level Sensors or IR Sensor Features:
= Infra Red Sensing
= 100% True Level Detection
= IR Sensors Sense Level Through
Dirt, Juice Films, Bagasse Powder
and also Juice and
Water Mist in the Donnelly Chute
= IR Sensors have Built-in Raining
Bagasse Compensation and easily
Sense Level through it
Hydrostatic level measurement
Level measurement in liquids
Hydrostatic pressure sensors for level measurement
may be used in almost all liquid media, from water
through to pastes and sludges.
Even under difficult process conditions, these sensors
may be adjusted to the application in an optimum
fashion.
Differential pressure transmitters are used for level
measurement in pressurized tanks and also in abrasive
and corrosive media.
DP Level and remote seal system
measurement
DP Level is a reliable measurement solution for
measuring level, density, interface, or mass of a
process media inside a tank.
Remote seal system measurement is unaffected by
agitation, foam, or internal obstacles.
Remote diaphragm seals extend limitations due to
process conditions such as high and low temperatures,
corrosive processes, viscous mediums, and hygienic
applications
Terminology of system components
THE END
PREPARED BY: OCHIENG OTIENO

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LEVEL MEASUREMENT

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ENGINEERING

Capacitance decreases as long as the

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