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Chapter 1 Introduction-1

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34 views28 pages

Chapter 1 Introduction-1

Uploaded by

Abdi Hafid
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GOLLIS UNIVERSITY

Overview of Data
Communications and
Networking

1
McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2:Network Models

1.2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Communication: sharing information. Sharing can be


local (face to face) or remote (over distance)
telecommunication (tele: far) means communication at a
distance (telephone, television, telegraphy).
data refers to information presented in whatever form is
agreed upon by the parties creating and using the data.
Data communications are the exchange of data between
two devices via some form of transmission medium such
as a wire cable.
Communicating devices : made up of : ( physical
equipments )

1.3
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
Topics discussed in this section:

 Effectiveness of data communication


Components of a data communications
system
Data Representation
 Direction of Data Flow

1.4
1-1 DATA COMMUNICATIONS

Effectiveness of data communication depends on :


•Delivery :
System must deliver data to correct destination. Data must
be received by only intended device or user.
•Accuracy:
The system must deliver data accurately
•Timeliness:
the system must deliver data in a timely manner. Data
delivered later are useless.
•Jitter:
Variation in the packet arrival time. It is the uneven delay
in the delivery of audio or video packets.

1.5
Figure 1.1 Components of a data communication system

Five components of data communication

Protocol: is a set of rules that governs data communications. It


represents an agreement between the communicating devices. Without
a protocol two devices may be connected but not communicating.

1.6
1-1 Data representation
Text, numbers, images, audio, and video
Text:
• ASCII: 7-bit patteren(128 different symbols)
• Extended ASCII: 8-bit pattern (with an extra 0 at left from 00000000 to
0111111
• Unicode: 32 bits pattern (65,536,216) symbols, which is definitely enough
to represent any symbol in the world.
Numbers:
represented by bit pattern (binary number)
Images :
represented by matrix of pixels (picture element), small dot. The size of
pixel represent the resolution.
Audio:
represent sound by continuous (analog) signal
Video:
can be analog or digital signal
1.7
Figure 1.2 Data flow (simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex)

1.8
1-2 NETWORKS

A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes)


connected by communication links. A node can be a
computer, printer, or any other device capable of sending
and/or receiving data generated by other nodes on the
network. A link can be a cable, air, optical fiber, or any
medium which can transport a signal carrying
information.
Topics discussed in this section:
 Network Criteria
 Physical Structures
 Categories of Networks

1.9
Network Criteria

 Performance
 Depends on Network Elements
 Measured in terms of Delay and Throughput
 Reliability
 Failure rate of network components
 Measured in terms of availability/robustness
 Security
 Data protection against corruption/loss of data due to:
 Errors
 Malicious users (unauthorized access)

1.10
Physical Structures

 Type of Connection
 Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver
 Multipoint - multiple recipients of single transmission
 Physical Topology
 Connection of devices
 Type of transmission - unicast, mulitcast, broadcast

1.11
Physical Structures (Type of Connection)
 Point to Point - single transmitter and receiver

1.12
Physical Structures (Type of Connection)
 Multipoint (multidrop) connection:

1.13
Figure 1.4 Categories of topology

1.14
Figure 1.5 A fully connected mesh topology (five devices)

1.15
Figure 1.6 A star topology connecting four stations

1.16
Figure 1.7 A bus topology connecting three stations

1.17
Figure 1.8 A ring topology connecting six stations

1.18
Figure 1.9 A hybrid topology: a star backbone with three bus networks

1.19
Categories of Networks

 Local Area Networks (LANs)


 Short distances
 Designed to provide local interconnectivity
 Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
 Provide connectivity over areas such as a city, a campus
 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
 Long distances
 Provide connectivity over large areas

1.20
Single building LAN

1.21
Multiple -building -LAN

1.22
MAN

1.23
WAN

1.24
1-3 THE INTERNET

Interconnections of networks :
internetwork
An internet (small i) is two or more networks that can communicate
with each other.

Internet:
Internet is a collaboration of more than 100 of 1000 interconnected
network.

1.25
1-4 PROTOCOLS

A protocol is consists of a set of rules that govern data


communications. It determines what is communicated,
how it is communicated and when it is communicated.
The key elements of a protocol are syntax, semantics and
timing

Topics discussed in this section:


 Syntax
 Semantics
 Timing

1.26
Elements of a Protocol

Syntax:
Structure or format of the data, meaning the order in which
they are presented.
Example: A simple protocol might expect the first byte of data to be the
address of the sender, the second byte to be the address of the
receiver and the reset of the stream to be the message itself.
Semantics:
Refers to the meaning of each section of bits.
Example: does an address identify the route to be taken or the final
destination of the message.

1.27
Elements of a Protocol

•Timing:
When data to should be sent?
How fast they can be sent?
Example: If a sender produces data at 100Mpbs but the receiver can
process data at only 1Mpbs, transmission will overload the receiver and
data will be largely lost.

1.28

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