Basic Science RPS

BASIC SCIENCE:
ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY OF

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEMS
Nadira Safa Jasmine
1510211134
The organs of the female
reproductive system include:
- The ovaries (female gonads)
- The uterine (fallopian) tubes /
oviduct
- The uterus
- The vagina
- The external organs
1. Ovaries
• The paired ovaries are small, lumpy, almond-shaped organs near the
lateral walls of the pelvic cavity
• A typical ovary is about 5 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, and 8 mm and weighs
6–8 g.
• Each ovary is stabilized by the mesovarium and by a pair of supporting
ligaments: the ovarian ligament and the suspensory (infundibulopelvic)
ligament
• An ovary is pink or yellowish and has a nodular consistency.
• The visceral peritoneum, or germinal epithelium, covering the surface
of each ovary
Histology of the Ovary
- Germinal epithelium: is a layer of simple
epithelium that covers the surface of the
ovary
- Tunica albuginea: is a irregular
connective tissue located deep to the
germinal epithelium
- Ovarium cortex: it consists of ovarian
follicles surrounded by irregular
connective tissue that contains collagen
fibers and stromal cells
- Ovarium medulla: consists of more
loosely arranged connective tissue and
contains blood vessels, lymph vessels,
and nerves
- Ovarian follicles are in the
cortex and consist of oocytes in
various stages of development.
- Mature (Graafian) follicle is a
large, fluid-filled follicle that is
ready to rupture
- Corpus luteum contains the
remnants of a mature follicle
after ovulation.
2. Uterine tubes
• Each uterine tube (Fallopian tube or oviduct) is a hollow,
muscular cylinder measuring roughly 13 cm in length
• Each uterine tube is divided into three segments:
1. The Infundibulum. The end closest to the ovary forms
an expanded funnel, or infundibulum, with numerous
fingerlike projections that extend into the pelvic cavity.
The projections are called fimbriae.
2. The Ampulla. The ampulla is the middle region
between infundibulum and the isthmus. The thickness of
its smooth muscle layers gradually increases as the tube
approaches the uterus.
3. The Isthmus. The ampulla leads to the isthmus, a
short segment connected to the uterine wall.
Histology of the Uterine Tubes
3. Uterus
• The uterus is a small, pear-
shaped organ, about 7.5 cm
long with a maximum diameter
of 5 cm. It weighs 50–100 g.
• In its normal position, the
uterus bends anteriorly near its
base, a condition known as
anteflexion.
Suspensory ligaments of the uterus
Anatomical subdivisions of
the uterus include:
• The uterine body is the
largest portion of the
uterus.
• The fundus is the rounded
portion of the body
superior to the attachment
of the uterine tubes.
• The body ends at a
constriction known as the
isthmus of the uterus.
• The cervix is the inferior
portion of the uterus.
• Within the vagina, the distal
end of the cervix forms a
curving surface that surrounds
the external os of the uterus
• The external os leads into the
cervical canal, a constricted
passageway that opens into the
uterine cavity of the body at
the internal os.
Histology of the Uterus
Histologically, the uterus consists of
three layers of tissue:
1. The outer layer—the perimetrium: 3. The inner layer of the uterus, the
it is composed of simple squamous endometrium, is highly vascularized and
epithelium and areolar connective divided into two layers:
tissue • The stratum functionalis, lines the
2. The middle layer of the uterus, the uterine cavity and sloughs off
myometrium consists of three layers during menstruation.
of smooth muscle fibers that are • The deeper layer, the stratum
thickest in the fundus and thinnest in basalis, is permanent and gives
the cervix. The thicker middle layer is rise to a new stratum functionalis
circular; the inner and outer layers are after each menstruation.
longitudinal or oblique.
• Within the myometrium,
branches of the uterine
arteries form arcuate arteries,
which encircle the
endometrium.
• Radial arteries supply straight
arteries, which deliver blood to
the basilar zone of the
endometrium, and spiral
arteries, which supply the
functional zone
4. Vagina
• The vagina is an elastic, muscular tube extending
between the cervix and the exterior.
• The vagina is typically 7.5–9 cm long, but its
diameter varies because it is highly distensible.
• A recess called the fornix ( arch or vault)
surrounds the vaginal attachment to the cervix
• Anteriorly, the urethra extends along the superior
wall of the vagina from the urinary bladder to the
external urethral orifice
• A thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane,
called the hymen (membrane), forms a border
around and partially closes the inferior end of the
vaginal opening to the exterior, the vaginal orifice.
Histology of the Vagina
• Histologically, it consists of nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium and areolar connective tissue that lies in a series of
transverse folds called rugae
• The muscularis is composed of an outer circular layer and an
inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle that can stretch
considerably to accommodate the penis during sexual
intercourse and a child during birth.
• The adventitia, the superficial layer of the vagina, consists of
areolar connective tissue.
5. The external genitalia
• The area containing the female external
genitalia is the vulva, or pudendum.
• The following components make up the
vulva:
1. two longitudinal folds of skin, the
labia Majora. The singular term is
labium majus. The labia majora are
covered by pubic hair and contain an
abundance of adipose tissue,
sebaceous (oil) glands, and apocrine
sudoriferous (sweat) glands.
2. Medial to the labia majora are two
smaller folds of skin called the labia
minora. The labia minora are covered
with a smooth, hairless skin
3. The clitoris is a small cylindrical mass
composed of numerous nerves and blood
vessels. The clitoris is located at the
anterior junction of the labia minora. A
layer of skin called the prepuce of the
clitoris is formed at the point where the
labia minora unite and covers the body of
the clitoris. The exposed portion of the
clitoris is the glans clitoris.
4. The region between the labia minora is

the vestibule. Within the vestibule are the
hymen (if still present), the vaginal orifice,
the external urethral orifice, and the
openings of the ducts of several glands.
Referensi

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BASIC SCIENCE:

ANATOMY & HISTOLOGY OF

4. The region between the labia minora is

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