Research Proposal

PRESENTATION
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Fazal Hayat
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
A research proposal is a document that
provides a detailed description of the
intended program.
 It is like an outline of the entire research
process that gives a reader a summary of

the information discussed in a project.
 Document that is typically written by a
scientist or academic which describes the

ideas for an investigation on a certain topic.
The research proposal outlines the process
from beginning to end and may be used to
request financing for the project,
certification for performing certain parts of
research of the experiment, or as a required
task before beginning a dissertation.
ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL
Introduction
• Background of the study
• Statement of the Research Problem
• Objectives of the Study
• Hypotheses/ Research questions
• Significance of the study ( Beneficiaries of the
Study)
• Delimitation
Literature Review
 Review of literature is a systematic process that requires
careful and perceptive reading and attention to detail.
 In the review of the literature, the researcher attempts to
determine what others have learned about similar
research problems. It is important in the following ways:
 specifically limiting and identifying the research
problem and possible hypothesis or research questions
i.e. sharpening the focus of the research.
 informing the researcher of what has already been done
in the area.
 This helps to avoid exact duplication. Reinventing the
wheel
 “If one had the literature and exercised enough
patience and industry in reviewing available
literature, it may well be that his problem has already
been solved by someone somewhere some time ago
and he will save himself the trouble.” Nwana (1982).
 Providing insights into possible research designs and
methods of conducting the research and interpreting

the results.
 Providing suggestions for possible modifications in
the research to avoid unanticipated difficulties.

 The library is the most likely physical location for
the research literature. ,where there is access to

books, periodicals, technical reports and academic
theses.
 Other sources are the Education Index and the
Educational Resources information centre (ERIC).
 Computer-assisted searchers of literature have
become very common today.

 They have the advantage of comprehensiveness
and speed.
 They are also very cost-effective in terms of time
and effort although access to some of the

databases requires payment.
 Irrespective of the sources of the literature,
ethics of research require that the source is

acknowledged through a clear system of
referencing.
 TEACHING ABOUT MODES OF LEARNING
 The message that television and film can
convey is one about appropriate and useful

modes of learning.
 When we use television and film to teach, we
are also saying something to students about

how we think they can or should learn.
 Teachers also worry that the current
generation is deficient in speaking, listening,
reading and writing skills those traditionally
fostered in school precisely because it has
been acquiring the skills required for
extracting information from television.
How to write a Literature Review:

Step 1: Read a lot.
 Read with care and
purpose
Look carefully at the
references
Read from related fields
 Step 2: Define the area.
 It
is important to know what that body
of knowledge says so that we know
where our own work should go, and,
ultimately, does go.
 Keep in mind that when you are

reviewing the literature, typically you
are looking at the literature that deals
with your particular area.
 Step 3: Keep track of all of
this information.
Copy articles.
Write down all bibliographic
information on the copy of the
article.
Write note cards and bibliog.
cards
 Step 4: Write it up.
 When writing a literature review, keep
in mind that you are reviewing the

literature, not summarizing it.
EXAMPLE
 Your research has something to do
with the effects of squash seeds on

the growth of chickens
 A similar study: The effects of organic
feeds on the growth of squirrels

 You do not want to do this:
 Smith (1978) conducted a 3x3x3 factorial

design to study squirrels. He concentrated
on brown squirrels, stating “flying squirrels
are just too damn unpredictable to study”
(page 54). 1000 squirrels were broken into
six groups and given the choice of nuts to
eat. 1 group was given nothing but pecans,
the other nothing but acorns, and then
allowed to switch, BLAH, BLAH, BLAH,
BLAH......
You may write this instead:
 Smith (1978) found that squirrels
fed with acorn nuts had a higher

mean growth than squirrels fed
with pecan nuts.
 Then relate this information to
your own research.

 The most common mistakes
students make are that they don’t
do enough literature, or they do too
much literature, or they summarize
the literature rather than review it.
 Remember that you are trying to set
the stage for your own work and

therefore your discussions about it
is important.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 Nature of Research
 Population
 Sample (sampling technique)
 Research Instrument
 Data Collection
 Analysis of Data
References

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PRESENTATION

process that gives a reader a summary of

scientist or academic which describes the

methods of conducting the research and interpreting

the research to avoid unanticipated difficulties.

the research literature. ,where there is access to

become very common today.

and effort although access to some of the

ethics of research require that the source is

convey is one about appropriate and useful

are also saying something to students about

 Keep in mind that when you are

in mind that you are reviewing the

with the effects of squash seeds on

feeds on the growth of squirrels

 Smith (1978) conducted a 3x3x3 factorial

fed with acorn nuts had a higher

your own research.

the stage for your own work and

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