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    5.2 Chemistry Presentation

    Uploaded by

    Nurul
    This chemistry presentation discusses cleaning agents such as soap and detergent. It defines soap as a potassium or sodium salt formed from the reaction of an alkali like sodium hydroxide with a fatty acid. Detergent is defined as a synthetic cleaning agent made from petroleum and sulphuric acid. The presentation explains the preparation of soap through saponification and the two-step preparation of detergent involving sulphonation and neutralization. Finally, it compares the cleansing action of soap and detergent in soft water, hard water, and acidic water.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    5.2 Chemistry Presentation

    Uploaded by

    Nurul
    32 views16 pages
    This chemistry presentation discusses cleaning agents such as soap and detergent. It defines soap as a potassium or sodium salt formed from the reaction of an alkali like sodium hydroxide with a fatty acid. Detergent is defined as a synthetic cleaning agent made from petroleum and sulphuric acid. The presentation explains the preparation of soap through saponification and the two-step preparation of detergent involving sulphonation and neutralization. Finally, it compares the cleansing action of soap and detergent in soft water, hard water, and acidic water.

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    5.2 CHEMISTRY PRESENTATION

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    This chemistry presentation discusses cleaning agents such as soap and detergent. It defines soap as a potassium or sodium salt formed from the reaction of an alkali like sodium hydroxide with a fatty acid. Detergent is defined as a synthetic cleaning agent made from petroleum and sulphuric acid. The presentation explains the preparation of soap through saponification and the two-step preparation of detergent involving sulphonation and neutralization. Finally, it compares the cleansing action of soap and detergent in soft water, hard water, and acidic water.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    32 views16 pages

    5.2 Chemistry Presentation

    Uploaded by

    Nurul
    This chemistry presentation discusses cleaning agents such as soap and detergent. It defines soap as a potassium or sodium salt formed from the reaction of an alkali like sodium hydroxide with a fatty acid. Detergent is defined as a synthetic cleaning agent made from petroleum and sulphuric acid. The presentation explains the preparation of soap through saponification and the two-step preparation of detergent involving sulphonation and neutralization. Finally, it compares the cleansing action of soap and detergent in soft water, hard water, and acidic water.

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    You are on page 1of 16

    Hi everyone!

    This is our Chemistry Presentation

    Group 2 members:
    Chrishannen Esaiah Anak Gani
    Abg Idzwan
    Melsywenna
    Khadija Izannie
    5.2 Cleaning Agents
    In this Subtopic we will learn about:
    • What is Soap?
    • What is Detergent?
    • Preparation of Soap
    • Preparation of Detergent
    • Cleansing action of Soap and Detergent
    What is Soap?
     Potassium or sodium salt of FATTY ACID formed from the reaction between an alkali
    and a fatty acid, RCOOH.

     When fats known as triglycerides are boiled with concentrated alkali solution, soap
    and glycerol are formed .
     This process above is called Saponification
    Potassium and Sodium soaps
    Potassium Soaps
    Sodium Soaps
    • Produced if the
    • Produced if the
    alkali used is
    alkali used is
    potassium
    sodium
    hydroxide
    hydroxide.
    • Softer and is
    • Harder and is
    usually used to
    used for
    manufacture
    bathing and for
    liquid soap for
    washing
    hands and
    clothes
    shaving cream
    What is Detergent?

     Synthetic cleaning agents made of petroleum and sulphuric acid


     Detergents are sodium salts of sulphonic acids
     Detergents is salt that is produced from reaction between alkali and sulphonic
    acid
     There are 2 types of detergents:
     (a) Detergent molecule without a benzene ring, such as sodium alkyl sulphate
     (b) Detergent molecule with a benzene ring, such as sodium alkylbenzene
    sulphonate.
    Structures of Soap and Detergent
    Molecules
     As soaps and detergent are salts, when added to water, soap and detergent
    molecules will DISSOCIATE positive ions and negative ions. (soap anions)
     The structure of soap anions can be divided into two part:
     (a) Hydrophilic part (head) which is ionic and polar. It dissolves in water
     (b) Hydrophobic part (tail) which is a hydrocarbon chain and non-polar. It
    dissolves in grease and oil.
     These parts play a big role in the cleansing action of soaps and detergents
    Preparations of Soap
    (Preparation of Soap through the Saponification Process)

    1.Hydrolysis of tripalmitate
    (ester) to form palmitic acid

    2.Neutralisation of palmitic
    acid
    With sodium hydroxide
    solution to form sodium
    palmitate.
    Preparation of Detergents
    Preparation of Detergent
    Cleansing Action of Soap and Detergent

    This Photo by Unknown Author


     Since the structures of soap and detergent molecules are similar, their is licensed under CC BY-NC

    cleansing actions are also similar.


     When soap or detergent is added to water, the soap or detergent dissolves in
    the water and reduces the surface tension of the water. Water wets the dirty
    surface of the cloth.
     Soap or detergent anions and sodium ions or potassium ions are formed.
    Sodium ions or potassium ions move freely in the water.
     The polar hydrophilic part of the soap or detergent anion dissolves in water
     The non-polar hydrophobic part dissolves in dirt which is grease or oil
     The hydrophobic part emulsifies and breaks up the large grease droplet into
    small droplets

    This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY


    When shaken, the small droplet of grease are lifted off In addition, soap and detergent
    This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

    the surface of the cloth and remain suspended in the bubbles help the small grease droplets
    water. to float.
    The small grease droplets repel one another because
    they carry the same charge which is negative charge.
    Comparison of Cleansing Action of Soap
    and Detergent
    Type of Water Soft Water Hard Water Acidic Water
    Definition Water that does Water that Water that
    not contain Mg2+ contains Mg2+ and contains H+ ions
    and Ca2+ ions Ca2+ ions
    Effectiveness of Effective Less Effective Less Effective
    soap
    Effectiveness of Effective More Effective More Effective
    detergent
    Additives In Detergent
    Additives Function Examples
    Biological enzymes To break down fat and *amylase
    protein molecules in food *lipase
    stains *protease
    Whitening agents To convert stains to *sodium perborate
    colourless substances *sodium hypochlorite
    Brighteners To make fabrics appear Fluorescent dye
    brighter and whiter
    Builders To soften hard water Sodium tripolyphosphate
    Anti suspension agents To prevent dirt particles Sodium
    (anticoagulants) from being deposited on carboxylmethylcellulose
    cleaned fabrics
    Foam control agents To prevent the formation Silicon
    (stabilisers) of excessive bubbles
    Drying agents To keep the detergent *Dry sodium sulphate
    powder in dry form *Sodium silicate
    QNA Session
    RCOO-Na+ or RCOO-K+
    1. What is general formula for soap?
    _____________________________________
    -Alkyl sulphonic acid This Photo by
    Unknown Author
    2. What are the 2 types of sulphonic acids that is used to -Alkylbenzene sulphonic
    is licensed under
    CC BY-SA
    make detergents?
    ____________________________________ acid

    3. Name the process of hydrolysis of oils or fats by


    alkalis. -Saponification
    ____________________________________

    4. Detergents are produced through 2 process which are: -Sulphonation/Sulphation


    i.___________________________________ -Neutralisation
    ii.__________________________________
    Final Question

    5. What is example of drying agents? -Sodium sulphate and sodium


    _______________________________ silicate
    That’s All from Us
    We hope you like it!!

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