Patient #1: Jackie

Jackie was a healthy baby when she was first born, but after 4
months, she had gained little weight. Her parents suspected
something was seriously wrong. Her head became
disproportionally large for her face. She experienced hair loss,
and her skin became thin and wrinkled. Jackie’s doctors told
them that the condition was progeria which occurs when the
genetic material doesn’t have proper protection.
This disease is incredibly rare. It
affects only one in every 4-8
million births. It is caused by a
mutation in a gene called LMNA,
but is not hereditary. This disease
causes premature aging. People
with progeria have an average life
expectancy of 14 years and usually
die from heart disease related to
their “aging” body.
Nuclear Envelope
Double-layered membrane that encloses
and protects the contents of the nucleus
during most of the cell's lifecycle.
Patient #2: Fiona
Fiona is a freshmen in college. She is a good student who does her work
on weekdays and likes to party on the weekends with her friends. A few
months ago, Fiona developed a cough that wouldn’t to go away and
worsened over time. She has also had difficulty breathing over the past
week or so. Her friends encouraged her to see the doctor, so she finally
made an appointment. The doctor asked her whether or not she smoked
cigarettes. Fiona responded that she started smoking cigarettes (about 2
per day) her freshman year of high school.
The doctor decided it was necessary to take a
biopsy of the cells that line the bronchus
(passageway to the lungs). After several days,
the biopsy report has come back along with a
micrograph of the bronchial cells. Fiona's
cigarette smoking has badly damaged these
organelles which are responsible for mucous
and dirt moving up and out of her respiratory
system. What cell organelles have been
damaged?
Cilia
Small hair-like protuberances on the
outside of eukaryotic cells. They are
primarily responsible for locomotion,
either of the cell itself or of fluids on
the cell surface.
Patients #3: Zeke and Morgan
Zeke and Morgan have lived in Vermont most of their lives.
They are both in their late 20's and recently married. They
have been trying to have their first child for a number of
months but Morgan has been unable to get pregnant. Zeke
and Morgan decided to go to their family physician to see if
there may be something wrong. The physician
obtained a sample of Zeke's sperm cells
and had it sent to a lab for microscopic
analysis. After several days, the physician
received a micrograph of the sperm cells
and noted a structural defect in the
organelle responsible for cell movement.
Help determine the organelle responsible
for Zeke and Morgan's inability to
have a baby.
Flagella
Long, whip-like filamentous protein
structures found in bacteria, archaea,
and eukaryotes, though they are most
commonly found in bacteria. They are
typically used to propel a cell through
liquid.
Patient #4: Trevor
Trevor is a 20-year old male who has suffered from repeated episodes
of hemolytic anemia. During these episodes, Trevor’s red blood cell
counts drop off dramatically due to rupturing of large numbers of cells
and the inability of his bone marrow to replace the ruptured cells fast
enough. When Trevor comes into a clinic for treatment, he is
diagnosed initially with a hereditary deficiency in the enzyme glucose-
6-phosphate dehydrogenase, but biochemical tests rule this out. An
examination of his blood reveals that many of his red blood cells have
an elliptical shape which leads to the
diagnosis of hereditary elliptocytosis. In this disorder,
structures within the red blood cells
alter the shape of the cell from the
normal biconcave, disc shape to an
elliptical shape, causing premature
damage and rupture of the cells.
Cytoskeleton
Provides support in a cell. It is a
network of protein fibers supporting
cell shape and anchoring organelles
within the cell.
Patient #5: Rosanna
Rosanna is a 39-year old woman who comes to visit an urban
New York City clinic. Despite rarely working out, she has a
very muscular build, suggesting a hypertrophy (enlargement)
of her muscles. She has suffered from bouts of extreme
muscle stiffness, especially in her legs, and often brought on
by cold weather throughout her life. Her father and paternal
grandmother also had these symptoms. After genetic
screening and biochemical tests, the doctors determine that
she is suffering from myotonia congenita, a
“channelopathy” involving a
malfunction of chloride
channels, which regulate the
movement of chloride ions
between the outside and
inside of the cell.
 Plasma
Membrane
The border between the interior and
exterior of a cell. It controls passage of
various molecules—including sugars,
amino acids, ions, and water—into and
out of the cell.
Patient #6: Harvey
Harvey was a perfectly happy baby with normal development until about
six months of age. He had learned to roll over and sit up for a few seconds,
but then was suddenly unable to do either of these things. He stopped
turning and smiling at his mother's voice as he had before, and he did not
seem as interested in his toys as he once was. Harvey’s parents took him to
the doctor because they were concerned about these changes. It took
exams by several specialists to diagnose Harvey's Tay-Sachs disease. This
disease has become very rare (fewer than ten cases appear each year) in
large part due to screening programs in population groups known to have
this inherited illness. Harvey's parents were not among those ethnic
groups most as risk. Also, they had no idea that they both were carriers of
the gene that causes this very rare illness. A neurologist verified her
hypothesis of Tay-Sachs by looking into Harvey's eyes, where she saw the
telltale cherry red spot indicating the illness. There was a build up fatty
material on his nerve cells that his cells couldn’t break down. His nervous
system would continue
to fail, and he would be
paralyzed and unable to see or
hear by the time he died
before the age of four.
Lysosomes
A vesicle that contains hydrolytic
enzymes that can break down many
kinds of biomolecules.
Patient #7: Kathy
Kathy is a fifteen-year-old soccer player at a nearby high school. She arrived in
the ER at 6:07 p.m. She was experiencing extreme muscle weakness and loss
of muscle coordination, particularly in her arms and legs! She told the doctors
that for the past few days, she had been extra tired with little energy to do
anything. The doctors decided to do some blood work which showed one
particular abnormality. Kathy’s glucose levels were rather high although she
was an athlete and did mention she usually ate carbohydrates the night before
a game. However, this explanation could be dismissed since she did not have a
game in the past week. The doctors agreed that
something else must be going on to cause such high
glucose levels (i.e. something was not breaking down these
sugar molecules). The doctors ordered for a muscle
biopsy to be performed. The doctors viewed the
tissue sample under the microscope, and saw that
the muscle fibers were ragged red which contained
mild accumulations of glycogen and decreased
activity for the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase.
Mitochondria
Rod-shaped organelles that can be
considered the power generators of
the cell, converting oxygen and
nutrients into adenosine
triphosphate (ATP)
Patient #8: Lucy and Jim
Lucy and Jim have been married for 5 years and have decided
they would like to try to have a child. However, a rare genetic
disorder runs in both or their families, so they decide to go to a
genetic counselor to determine the chances that their future child
will be affected. The disease achondrogenesis 1a affects the
ability of proteins necessary for bone and cartilage development
to be modified and packaged properly after
leaving the endoplasmic reticulum. The
results are devastating. Individuals with this
disorder are often stillborn or die soon after
birth from respiratory failure. Fortunately,
after doing a genetic screening, the genetic
counselor determined that while Jim is a
carrier for this autosomal recessive disorder,
Lucy is not. Therefore, if they do have a child,
it is unlikely that their child will be affected.
 Golgi
Apparatus
Gathers simple molecules and
combines them to make molecules
that are more complex. It then takes
those big molecules, packages them
in vesicles, and either stores them for
later use or sends them out of the
cell. It is also the
organelle that builds
lysosomes.
Patient #9: Vera
When Vera came home from her first day of kindergarten, she
was very upset. She always knew she was different, but she had
never been around this many new people who were staring and
whispering. Vera was born with Treacher Collins syndrome. She
has it because there is a mutation in her DNA that codes for the
part of the cell responsible for assembling
proteins. Because these cells are unable to
make proteins, they undergo apoptosis
(programmed cell death). Doctors don’t
know why but this cell death occurs only in
the cells necessary for the development of
facial bones and tissues. Even though Vera
has had several plastic surgeries in her life
to make her appearance less affected by
the disease, she continues to have distinct
facial characteristics, such as
underdeveloped cheek bones, unusually
formed ears, and a very small jaw and chin.
Ribosomes
Link amino acids together in the
order designated by the mRNA to
create proteins, can be found floating
free in the cytoplasm or attached the
endoplasmic reticulum.
Name of Organelle Picture Function Patient/Disease

Nuclear Envelope Double-layered membrane that encloses and protects the Patient #1 Jackie
contents of the nucleus during most of the cell’s lifecycle Progeria

Cilia Small hair-like protuberances on the outside of eukaryotic Patient #2 Fiona

Flagella Long, whip-like filamentous protein structures found in Patient #3 Zeke and Morgan
bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, though they are Infertility/MMF
typically used to propel a cell through liquid

Cytoskeleton Provides support in a cell. It is a network of protein fibers Patient #4 Trevor

Plasma Membrane The border between the interior and exterior of a cell. It Patient #5 Rosanna
controls passage of various molecules – including sugars, Myotonia Congenita
amino acids, ions, and water – into and out of the cell

Lysosome A vesicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes that can break Patient #6 Harvey
down many kinds of biomolecules Tay-Sachs

Mitochondria Rod-shaped organelles that can be considered the power Patient #7 Kathy
generators of the cell, converting oxygen and nutrients Decreased Cytochrome C
into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Oxidase/Myopathy

Golgi Gathers simple molecules and combines them to make Patient #8 Jim and Lucy
molecules that are more complex. It then takes those big Achondrogenesis 1a
molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores
them for later use or sends them out of the cell. It is also
the organelle that builds the lysosomes.

Ribosomes Link amino acids together in the order designated by the Patient #9 Vera
mRNA to create proteins, can be found floating free in the Treacher Collins
cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.