BCE (Module - II)

VSSUT Burla
presents
A lecture note
on
Basic of Civil Engineering

(B.Tech.)
Presented
by
Dr. Parsuram Nayak

Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
VSSUT BURLA
BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING
MODULE - II
Module II
Lecture # 2
Building Materials
Introduction: Building Materials
• Building materials are divided into two parts:
Naturally available materials
Artificially available materials
 Naturally available materials

example:- soil, wood, timber
 Artificially available materials
example:- cement, steel, brick
BRICKS
1.1 Composition of bricks
• Composition of bricks
silica/sand = 35 – 60 % by weight
alumina/clay = 20 – 30 % by weight
silt = 20 -25 %
Lime, Magnesia, Iron oxide = 1-2 %
 Clay and silt may be not less than 50% be weight.

 Lime and magnesia should not be more than 15%
 Lime should be in finely divided form.
 Sand is cohesion less.
 Silt is granular material of a size between sand and clay,
whose mineral origin is quartz and feldspar. Silt may occur as
a soil or as sediment mixed in suspension with water and soil
in a body of water such as a river. It may also exist as soil
deposited at the bottom of a water body, like mudflows from
landslides. Non plastic soil. Silt < 75 micron
 Clay provides plasticity to the earth and makes the brick hard.
It has more cohesion than silt soil. Plastic soil. Permeability is
very less or negligible. Size < 2 micron
 Cohesion (forces between soil particles)
1.2 Methods of bricks manufacture
• Preparation of clays
• Moulding of bricks
• Drying of bricks
• Burning of bricks
1.3 Testing of Bricks
Properties
• Colour should be uniform and bright (red)
• Shape: Brick should have place faces and sharp right
angled corner.
• Size: It should be of standard size (200x100x100mm)
or (200x100x50mm).
• Texture : Brick should posses fine, dense and uniform
surface (no cavities and fissures)
• Soundness: Clear metallic ringing sound
• Hardness: Finger scratching should not leave any
impression/mark on the brick.
• Strength: Crushing strength >= 3.5 N/mm2 (For field
test, drop the brick from a height of 0.9/1 m on hard
ground. It should not break into pieces.)
• Water absorption: After immersing 24 hours,
absorption should not be more than 20% .
• Efflorescence: Brick should not have white patches
when soaked in water for 24 hrs and allowed to dry
in shade.
• It should have low thermal conductivity. Light weight
and hollow brick provide good sound insulation.
Specifications
• Actual size = 190x90x90mm
• Normal size = 200x100x100mm
• Frog (indicates name of manufacturer; and
structural grip between bricks and with other
materials by using mortar.)
• Types : First class brick (>10.5 MPa), 2nd class
brick (>7 MPa), 3rd class brick (),
Overburnt/Jhamma bricks (irregular in shape
and dark colour)
Lecture # 2
Cement
Introduction
• Cement is used as a binding material in the
construction.
• It can set and harden easily.
• It can bind other materials together.
• It gives good resistance to moisture.
• Hydration: Chemical reaction between cement and
water is called hydration of cement, then it sets and
harden (gain strength).
Ingredients of Portland cement
• Lime (CaO): 60 - 67
• Silica (SiO2): 17 - 25
• Alumina (Al2O3): 3 - 8
• Iron Oxide: 0.5 - 6
• Magnesium Oxide(MgO): 0.1 -4
• Sulphur trioxide (SO3): 1 - 3
• Alkalies (Na2O, K2O): 0.2 – 1.3
Manufacture of portland cement
• Grinding the raw materials (ingredients)
• Burning them in a rotary kiln (1300 – 1500 Celsius)
• Material sinters and partially fuses into ball shaped
known as clinkers.
• Clinker is cooled and ground to fine powder with
addition of about 3-5% of gypsum. The resulting
product is called Portland cement.
Classification/Types of cement
• Ordinary Portland cement (OPC)
• Portland slag cement (PSC)
• Portland pozzolana cement(PPC)
• Rapid hardening Portland cement
• Quick setting cement
• High alumina cement
• Sulphate resisting Portland cement
• Water-proof Portland cement
• White cement
• Acid resistance cement
• Expansive cement
• Masonary cement
• Hydrophobic cement
Properties of Cement
• Field test:
1. Colour of cement should be greenish grey.
2. If hand is inserted into the bag, it should feel cool, no
lump.
3. Smooth feeling when touched between fingers.
4. Cement particle should float for some time on water.
5. Make a stiff cement paste and form a cake with sharp
edges. Put it on glass plate and then into bucket of water.
Observe that shape of cake is not disturbed while taking
it into the water-bucket. After 24 hours it should retain
its original shape, and gain strength & also set.
Laboratory testing:
1. Fineness: weight retained after seiving cement
through 90 micron sieve. Fineness is the surface
area of cement particles available to react with
water.
2. Setting time : It is the time required to set for a
particular cement paste.
3. Soundness: Cement paste should not undergoes
large change in volume (not more than 10 mm).
4. Strength (Compressive): Cement mortar cube
with standard size sand are made and tested in
compression machine.
Grades of cement
• OPC grade- 33, 43, 53
• If the 28-days compressive strength is not less than
33MPa, it is called 33 –grade cement.
Lecture # 3
Cement mortar
and
Concrete
Cement Mortar (Definition)
• Mortar is a mixture of binding material like cement
and an inert material like sand and water in a suitable
proportions (Cement-mortar).
• It is used as a binding material in brick or stone
masonry and covering material in concrete.
• Preparation
• A mixture of cement and sand is thoroughly mixed in
dry condition. Then, water is gradually added and
mixed with shovels.
• Ratio of cement to sand should be 1:3 to 1:8 for
various work.
Lecture # 3
Concrete
Concrete
• Cement, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate
(gravel) and water are mixed with a suitable w/c ratio
and allows for curing to become hardened state. The
resulting material is called as concrete. The hardening
is caused by the chemical reaction between cement
and water.
Water - cement ratio
• W/C ratio should be more than 0.38 to avoid in

complete hydration.
• The strength of concrete at a given age and cured at
specified temperature depends on water-cement ratio
and degree of compaction.
• W/C ratio generally expressed as how many litres of
water per bag of cement (50 kg).
• Strength of concrete decreases as w/c ratio increases.
Preparation
• Batching :- Measurement of ingredients
(proportion of material by volume/weight
batching)
• Mixing :- Hand mixing, machine mixing
• Transporting :-
• Placing :-
• Compacting :-
• Finishing :-
• Curing :-
Concrete
• PCC:
• Plain cement concrete (C:S:CA)
• w/c ratio 0.4 - 0.6
• RCC:
• Reinforced cement concrete
• w/c ratio 0.4 - 0.6
Grades of concrete
• M20, M25, M30, M35, etc
• M represents for mix proportion
• Number (20, 25 etc) for the 28-days
compressive strength of concrete in Mpa.
Lecture # 4
STEEL
Use of Steel in buildings
• High tensile strength
• We require a material which can resist high tensile
as well as compressive stresses.
• Concrete can resist compressive strength.
• Beam
• Column
• Roof/slab
• Staircase
• Foundation
Types (Bhavikatti)
• Iron ore is converted into pig iron and different
percentages of carbon (0.25 – 1.5) are mixed with it by
various metallurgical processes. It also contain silica,
manganese, sulphur and phosphorus.
• Mild steel (0.25% carbon, 0.055% sulphur, 0.55%
phosphorus)
• High carbon steel (0.7 – 1.5% carbon)
• High tensile steel (0.8% carbon, 0.6% manganese)
• Hysd steel bar (High yield strength deformed steel bar)
Tensile strength - 415, 500 Mpa
Uses

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VSSUT Burla

Basic of Civil Engineering

Dr. Parsuram Nayak

 Naturally available materials

 Clay and silt may be not less than 50% be weight.

• W/C ratio should be more than 0.38 to avoid in

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