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    SS - Unit Iii Class 2

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    Gurusreenu
    Maxwell's equations describe the fundamental relationships between electricity, magnetism, and optics. They consist of four equations: 1) Gauss's law for electricity relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed electric charge. 2) Gauss's law for magnetism states that there is no magnetic monopole, so the magnetic flux through a closed surface is always zero. 3) Faraday's law of induction describes how a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a closed loop. 4) Ampere's law relates the magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current and displacement current through the loop.

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    SS - Unit Iii Class 2

    Uploaded by

    Gurusreenu
    18 views14 pages
    Maxwell's equations describe the fundamental relationships between electricity, magnetism, and optics. They consist of four equations: 1) Gauss's law for electricity relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed electric charge. 2) Gauss's law for magnetism states that there is no magnetic monopole, so the magnetic flux through a closed surface is always zero. 3) Faraday's law of induction describes how a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a closed loop. 4) Ampere's law relates the magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current and displacement current through the loop.

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    SS_UNIT III CLASS 2

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    Maxwell's equations describe the fundamental relationships between electricity, magnetism, and optics. They consist of four equations: 1) Gauss's law for electricity relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed electric charge. 2) Gauss's law for magnetism states that there is no magnetic monopole, so the magnetic flux through a closed surface is always zero. 3) Faraday's law of induction describes how a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a closed loop. 4) Ampere's law relates the magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current and displacement current through the loop.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    18 views14 pages

    SS - Unit Iii Class 2

    Uploaded by

    Gurusreenu
    Maxwell's equations describe the fundamental relationships between electricity, magnetism, and optics. They consist of four equations: 1) Gauss's law for electricity relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the enclosed electric charge. 2) Gauss's law for magnetism states that there is no magnetic monopole, so the magnetic flux through a closed surface is always zero. 3) Faraday's law of induction describes how a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) in a closed loop. 4) Ampere's law relates the magnetic field around a closed loop to the electric current and displacement current through the loop.

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    You are on page 1of 14

    Maxwell’s equations

    Name of the law Differential form Integral form Significance

    Gauss law in ∇. 𝐷 = 𝜌 The net outward electric flux


    electrostatics න 𝜌. 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑞 through a surface enclosed in a
    𝑉
    volume V is equal to the net
    charge contained in that
    volume

    Gauss law in ∇. 𝐵 = 0 The net outward magnetic flux


    magnetostatics න 𝐵. 𝑑𝑆 = 0 through any closed curve is
    𝑆
    equal to zero

    Faraday’s law 𝜕𝐵 𝜕 The emf around a closed path is


    ∇×𝐸 =− න 𝐸. 𝑑𝑙 = − න 𝐵. 𝑑𝑆
    𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝑠 equal to the negative change of
    𝐶
    magnetic flux linked with the
    path
    Ampere’s law 𝜕𝐷 The mmf around a closed path
    ∇×𝐻 =𝐽+ 𝜕𝐷
    𝜕𝑡 ර 𝐻. 𝑑𝑙 = න ൬
    𝐽+ ൰. 𝑑𝑆 is equal to the conduction
    𝑠 𝜕𝑡 current +the displacement
    𝐶
    current through any surface
    bounded by a path.
    Stoke's theorem
    Derivation of first equation
    Derivation of second equation
    Derivation of third equation
    Derivation of fourth equation
    Hysteresis
    Applications
    (i) Permanent magnets
    The ideal material for making permanent magnets should possess high retentivity (residual
    magnetism) and high coercivity so that the magnetisation lasts for a longer time. Examples of such
    substances are steel and alnico (an alloy of Al, Ni and Co).
    (ii) Electromagnets
    Material used for making an electro-magnet has to undergo cyclic changes. Therefore, the ideal
    material for making an electromagnet has to be one which has the least hysteresis loss. Moreover,
    the material should attain high values of magnetic induction B at low values of magnetising field H.
    Soft iron is preferred for making electromagnets as it has a thin hysteresis loop (Fig.) [small area,
    therefore less hysteresis loss] and low retentivity. It attains high values of B at low values of
    magnetising field H.
    (iii) Core of the transformer
    A material used for making transformer core and choke is subjected to cyclic changes very rapidly.
    Also, the material must have a large value of magnetic induction B. Therefore, soft iron that has
    thin and tall hysteresis loop is preferred. Some alloys with low hysteresis loss are: radio-metals,
    pern-alloy and mumetal.
    (iv) Magnetic tapes and memory store
    Magnetisation of a magnet depends not only on the magnetising field but also on the cycle of
    magnetisation it has undergone. Thus, the value of magnetisation of the specimen is a record of
    the cycles of magnetisation it has undergone. Therefore, such a system can act as a device for
    storing memory.
    Ferro magnetic materials are used for coating magnetic tapes in a cassette player and for building
    a memory store in a modern computer. Examples : Ferrites (Fe, Fe2O, MnFe2O4 etc.).

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