Flexible Ac Transmitter System Using TSR For Controlling Voltage and Current

FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMITTER
SYSTEM USING TSR
FOR CONTROLLING VOLTAGE

AND CURRENT
BY: MAHMOUD AND YOMNA

FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM) USING
TSR (THYRISTOR SWITCH REACTANCE
THIS IS DONE WHEN THE RECEIVING END VOLTAGE IS LOW WHILE CHARGING THE TRANSMISSION
LINE. IN THE PRESENCE OF A SMALL LOAD, A SMALL CURRENT FLOWS THROUGH THE
TRANSMISSION LINE THERE SO SHUNT CAPACITANCE BECOMES MORE EFFECTIVE. DUE TO THE
FERRANTI EFFECT, THE VOLTAGE AT RECEIVING END INCREASES TWO TIMES MORE THAN THE
VOLTAGE AT SENDING END.
• EVERY ELECTRICAL APPARATUS CAN HANDLE A CERTAIN VOLTAGE BEYOND THAT PARTICULAR
VOLTAGE LEVEL IT WILL BURN OUT. THE INCREASE IN RECEIVING END VOLTAGE DUE TO THE
FERRANTI EFFECT CAN DAMAGE THE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT. SO, TO CONTROL IT WE USED A
SHUNT REACTOR AT THE RECEIVING END.
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM) USING
TSR (THYRISTOR SWITCH REACTANCE
• FACTS IS THE ACRONYM FOR THE FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMITTER SYSTEM. A
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (FACTS) INCREASES THE RELIABILITY OF
AC GRIDS. THE IEEE DEFINES FACTS AS ALTERNATING CURRENT TRANSMISSION
SYSTEMS INTEGRATING POWER ELECTRONICS-BASED AND OTHER STATIC
CONTROLLERS TO ENHANCE CONTROLLABILITY AND POWER TRANSFERABILITY.
• THEY IMPROVE POWER QUALITY AND TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY FROM
GENERATION THROUGH TRANSMISSION DOWN TO THE PRIVATE AND INDUSTRIAL
CONSUMERS. IN THIS ARTICLE, WE DISCUSS FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMITTER SYSTEM
USING THYRISTOR SWITCH.
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMITTER SYSTEM BY
USING TSR
• FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMITTER SYSTEM (FACTS) CONSISTS OF STATIC EQUIPMENT
THAT IS USED FOR AC TRANSMISSION OF ELECTRICAL SIGNALS. IT IS USED TO
INCREASE CONTROLLABILITY AND TO INCREASE THE POWER TRANSFER
CAPABILITY OF AN AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM. THIS PROJECT CAN BE
ENHANCED BY USING FIRING ANGLE CONTROL METHODOLOGY FOR SMOO
• TH CONTROL OF VOLTAGE.
• FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMITTER SYSTEM INCREASES THE RELIABILITY OF AC GRIDS
AND REDUCES POWER DELIVERY COSTS. THEY ALSO INCREASE THE QUALITY OF
TRANSMISSION AND EFFICIENCY OF POWER TRANSMISSION
USING TSR
USING TSR
THIS METHOD IS USED WHILE CHARGING THE TRANSMISSION LINE OR WHEN THERE IS A LOW
LOAD AT THE RECEIVER END. WHEN THERE ARE LOW LOAD OR NO LOAD, VERY LOW CURRENT
FLOWS THROUGH THE TRANSMISSION LINES AND THE SHUNT CAPACITANCE IN THE
TRANSMISSION LINE BECOMES DOMINANT. THIS CAUSES VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION DUE TO
WHICH THE RECEIVER END VOLTAGE MAY BECOME DOUBLE THAN THE SENDING END VOLTAGE.
• TO COMPENSATE THIS, THE SHUNT INDUCTORS ARE AUTOMATICALLY CONNECTED ACROSS THE
TRANSMISSION LINE. IN THIS SYSTEM THE LEAD TIME BETWEEN THE ZERO VOLTAGE PULSE AND
ZERO CURRENT PULSE DULY GENERATED BY A SUITABLE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER IS FED TO
TWO INTERRUPT PINS OF THE MICROCONTROLLER.
TYPES OF FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMITTER
SYSTEM CONTROLLERS
SERIES CONTROLLER
SHUNT CONTROLLER
COMBINED SERIES-SERIES CONTROLLER

COMBINED SERIES-SHUNT CONTROLLER
COMPONENTS USED:
THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS ARE USED IN ARDUINO BASED FERRANTI EFFECT OVERCOME USING A THYRISTOR
THYRISTOR
THYRISTOR SWITCHED REACTOR
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
ZMCT103C AC SENSOR
CAPACITOR
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
COMPONENTS USED:
LCD
ARDUINO UNO
ZERO-CROSSING DETECTOR
PCB AND BREADBOARDS
CABLES AND CONNECTORS
LAMP
• SWITCH
THYRISTOR
• A THYRISTOR IS A FOUR-LAYERED, THREE-TERMINAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE.

THE FOUR LAYERS ARE FORMED BY ALTERNATE P-TYPE AND N-TYPE
SEMICONDUCTORS. THUS FORMING A P-N JUNCTION DEVICE. THIS DEVICE IS
ALSO CALLED AS SILICON CONTROLLED SWITCH (SCS) BECAUSE OF THE SILICON
SEMICONDUCTOR IN IT AND IT IS A BISTABLE DEVICE.
THYRISTOR
• A THYRISTOR IS A UNIDIRECTIONAL DEVICE AND CAN BE OPERATED AS AN OPEN

CIRCUIT SWITCH OR AS A RECTIFYING DIODE. THE THREE TERMINALS OF THE
THYRISTOR ARE NAMED AS THE ANODE (A), THE CATHODE (K), AND GATE (G).
• THE ANODE IS POSITIVE, THE CATHODE IS NEGATIVE AND THE GATE IS USED TO
CONTROL THE INPUT SIGNAL. IT HAS TWO P-N JUNCTIONS THAT CAN BE
SWITCHED ON AND OFF AT FAST RATES. THE FOLLOWING SHOWS THE LAYERS
AND TERMINALS OF THE THYRISTOR WITH ITS SYMBOL.
CIRCUIT OF TSR
• A THYRISTOR SWITCHED REACTOR IS A THREE-PHASE ASSEMBLY WHICH IS CONNECTED IN A

DELTA ARRANGEMENT TO PROVIDE PARTIAL CANCELLATION OF HARMONICS. THE MAIN
THYRISTOR REACTOR IS SPLIT INTO TWO HALVES, WITH THE THYRISTOR VALVE CONNECTED
BETWEEN THE TWO HALVES.
• THIS PROTECTS THE THYRISTOR REACTOR CIRCUIT VALVE FROM DAMAGES DUE TO
FLASHOVERS AND LIGHTNING STRIKES.
•
• THE MAIN THYRISTOR REACTOR IS SPLIT INTO TWO HALVES, WITH THE THYRISTOR VALVE
CONNECTED BETWEEN THE TWO HALVES. THIS PROTECTS THE THYRISTOR REACTOR CIRCUIT
VALVE FROM DAMAGES DUE TO FLASHOVERS AND LIGHTNING STRIKES.
CIRCUIT OF TSR
OPERATING PRINCIPLE
THE CURRENT IN THE THYRISTOR IS VARIED FROM MAXIMUM TO ZERO BY

VARYING THE FIRING DELAY ANGLE (Α). IT IS DEFINED AS THE DELAY ANGLE FROM
THE POINT AT WHICH THE VOLTAGE BECOMES POSITIVE TO THE POINT AT WHICH
THE THYRISTOR VALVE IS TURNED ON AND THE CURRENT STARTS TO FLOW.
• THE MAXIMUM CURRENT IS OBTAINED WHEN THE Α IS 90O. AT THIS POINT, TCR IS
SAID TO BE IN FULL CONDUCTION. THE RMS CURRENT IS GIVE
OPERATING PRINCIPLE
ITCR-MAX = VSVC/2ΠFLTCR
WHERE
VSVC IS THE RMS VALUE OF THE LINE TO LINE BUS BAR VOLTAGE
LTCR IS THE TOTAL TCR TRANSDUCER FOR PHASE
• THE BELOW WAVEFORM IS THE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT OF TCR.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE
SIMULATION OF FACTS USING TSR
SIMULATION RESULT
SIMULATION RESULT

Flexible Ac Transmitter System Using TSR For Controlling Voltage and Current

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Flexible Ac Transmitter System Using TSR For Controlling Voltage and Current

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FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMITTER

SYSTEM USING TSR

FOR CONTROLLING VOLTAGE

BY: MAHMOUD AND YOMNA

COMBINED SERIES-SERIES CONTROLLER

THYRISTOR SWITCHED REACTOR

PCB AND BREADBOARDS

CABLES AND CONNECTORS

• A THYRISTOR IS A FOUR-LAYERED, THREE-TERMINAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE.

• A THYRISTOR IS A UNIDIRECTIONAL DEVICE AND CAN BE OPERATED AS AN OPEN

• A THYRISTOR SWITCHED REACTOR IS A THREE-PHASE ASSEMBLY WHICH IS CONNECTED IN A

THE CURRENT IN THE THYRISTOR IS VARIED FROM MAXIMUM TO ZERO BY

LTCR IS THE TOTAL TCR TRANSDUCER FOR PHASE

• THE BELOW WAVEFORM IS THE VOLTAGE AND CURRENT OF TCR.

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