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    Transform coding assigns differing numbers of bits to transform coefficients based on their variance. There are two approaches: one relies on average coefficient properties, and the other assigns bits individually. Bits are typically assigned to minimize distortion given an average bit rate R. Subband coding decomposes a signal into subbands using filter banks, then quantizes and encodes the subbands. More bits are allocated to higher variance subbands. The quantized coefficients are reconstructed at the decoder using upsampling and synthesis filters.

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    SC 17

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    Transform coding assigns differing numbers of bits to transform coefficients based on their variance. There are two approaches: one relies on average coefficient properties, and the other assigns bits individually. Bits are typically assigned to minimize distortion given an average bit rate R. Subband coding decomposes a signal into subbands using filter banks, then quantizes and encodes the subbands. More bits are allocated to higher variance subbands. The quantized coefficients are reconstructed at the decoder using upsampling and synthesis filters.

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    Transform coding assigns differing numbers of bits to transform coefficients based on their variance. There are two approaches: one relies on average coefficient properties, and the other assigns bits individually. Bits are typically assigned to minimize distortion given an average bit rate R. Subband coding decomposes a signal into subbands using filter banks, then quantizes and encodes the subbands. More bits are allocated to higher variance subbands. The quantized coefficients are reconstructed at the decoder using upsampling and synthesis filters.

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    3 views12 pages

    SC 17

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    Warrior Bro
    Transform coding assigns differing numbers of bits to transform coefficients based on their variance. There are two approaches: one relies on average coefficient properties, and the other assigns bits individually. Bits are typically assigned to minimize distortion given an average bit rate R. Subband coding decomposes a signal into subbands using filter banks, then quantizes and encodes the subbands. More bits are allocated to higher variance subbands. The quantized coefficients are reconstructed at the decoder using upsampling and synthesis filters.

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    Transform Coding

    Quantization and Coding of Transform coefficients

    If the amount of information conveyed by each coefficient is different, it makes


    sense to assign differing numbers of bits to the different coefficients.

    There are two approaches to assign bits.

    One approach relies on the average properties of the transform coefficients, while
    the other approach assigns bits as needed by individual transform coefficients.

    In the first approach, we first obtain an estimate of the variances of the transform
    coefficients.

    These estimates can be used by one of two algorithms to assign the number of bits
    used to quantize each of the coefficients.
    We assume that the relative variance of the coefficients corresponds to
    the amount of information contained in each coefficient.

    Thus, coefficients with higher variance are assigned more bits than
    coefficients with smaller variance.

    Let us find an expression for the distortion, then find the bit allocation
    that minimizes the distortion.

    To perform the minimization we will use the method of Lagrange.

    If the average number of bits per sample to be used by the transform


    coding system is R, and the average number of bits per sample used by
    the kth coefficient is Rk then

    where M is the number of transform coefficients.


    SUB-BAND CODING
    • The most frequently used filter banks in subband coding
    consist of a cascade of stages, where each stage consists of
    a low-pass filter and a high-pass filter, as shown below
    • The most popular filters are the quadrature
    mirror filters (QMF).

    • These filters have the property that if the


    impulse response of the low-pass filter is
    given by {h(n)}. then the high-pass impulse
    response is given by {(-1 )nh (N-1-n)}
    Quantization of Subbands
    • Different subbands contain differing amounts of information.
    • Therefore, we need to allocate the available bits among the subbands
    according to some measure of the information content.
    • There are a number of different ways we could distribute the available
    bits.
    • For example, suppose we were decomposing the source output into
    four bands and we wanted a coding rate of 1 bit per sample. We could
    accomplish this by using 1 bit per sample for each of the four bands.
    • On the other hand, we could simply discard the output of two of the
    bands and use 2 bits per sample for the two remaining bands. Or, we
    could discard the output of three of the four filters and use 4 bits per
    sample to encode the output of the remaining filter.
    • The bit allocation procedure discussed earlier can have a
    significant impact on the quality of the final reconstruction,
    especially when the information content of different bands
    is very different.
    • If we use the variance of the output of each filter as a
    measure of information, and assume that the compression
    scheme is scalar quantization, we can use the simple bit
    allocation schemes discussed in transform coding.
    • If we use a slightly more sophisticated model for the
    outputs of the filters (like psychoacoustic model) , we can
    arrive at significantly better bit allocation procedures) as in
    MPEG Audio coding)
    Synthesis
    • The quantized and coded coefficients are used to reconstruct a
    representation of the original signal at the decoder.
    • First, the encoded samples from each subband are decoded at the
    receiver.
    • These decoded values are then upsampled by inserting an
    appropriate number of 0s between samples.
    • Once the number of samples per second has been brought back to
    the original rate, the upsampled signals are passed through a bank of
    reconstruction filters.
    • The outputs of the reconstruction filters are added to give the final
    reconstructed outputs.
    • We can see that the basic subband system is simple.
    • The three major components of this system are the analysis and
    synthesis filters, the bit allocation scheme, and the encoding scheme

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