Properties and Changes of Matter

Properties and Changes of
Matter
CHEM 022 - LESSON 3
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:
1. differentiate between (a) extensive and intensive
properties; and (b) physical and chemical
properties of matter
2. distinguish between physical

and chemical changes of matter
Properties of Matter
The characteristics that distinguish one substance from another are
called properties.
Characteristics of Matter
1. Physical Properties
2. Chemical Properties
Intensive Physical Properties
An intensive property does not depend on the size or
mass of a sample. For example, density is an intensive
property because it is the same no matter where you
sample a substance. Other intensive properties include
boiling point, freezing point, viscosity, luster, and
state of matter.
Extensive Physical Properties
In contrast, an extensive property does depend on
the amount of matter in a sample. For example, mass
depends on sample size. Other examples of extensive
properties include length, volume, area, and
thermodynamic properties such as enthalpy and
entropy.
Physical Property Examples
Physical properties include mechanical properties and any
characteristic you can see, smell, taste, or touch. Here are some
examples of physical properties:
Albedo – reflectivity of an object

Area – size of a two-dimensional surface
Boiling point – temperature at which a liquid changes into a gas
Brittleness – tendency to break under stress
Color – wavelengths of light reflected by matter
Density – amount of matter per unit of volume
Ductility – measure of how readily a substance stretches into a wire
Malleability – measure of how readily a substance may be pounded or
pressed into sheets
Freezing point – temperature at which a substance changes from a
liquid into a solid
Length – longest dimension of an object
Luster – measure of the interaction between light and an object’s
surface
Mass – amount of matter in an object
Solubility – amount of matter that dissolves in a solvent
Temperature – measure of the thermal energy of a substance
Viscosity – resistance to deformation by stress; resistance to flow
Volume – three-dimensional space a substance occupies
Weight – effect of gravity on a mass
Chemical properties of Matter
A chemical property is a characteristic of matter that
can only be observed and measured by performing a chemical
reaction or chemical change. In other words, you have to
change the chemical identity of a substance or rearrange its
internal structure to know its chemical properties.
Examples of Chemical Properties
Matter has many chemical properties. Examples include:
Acidity and basicity Corrosivity Solubility

Electronegativity Radioactivity
Enthalpy of formation Catalytic ability
Flammability Heat of combusion
Chemical bond formationOxidation states
Chemical stability Chemical reactivity
Coordination number Toxicity
Changes in Matter
Physical Changes in Matter
is a change in the state or properties of matter without any
accompanying change in the chemical identities of the substances
contained in the matter. Physical changes are observed when wax melts,
when sugar dissolves in coffee, and when steam condenses into liquid
water.
How to Identify a Physical Change
Physical changes involve changes in physical properties.
Certain processes result in physical changes:
Phase transitions: Melting, freezing, evaporation, and

sublimation are all physical changes.
Heating and cooling: Temperature changes can result in phase

transitions. Be careful, though, because sometimes adding heat
supplies energy for a chemical reaction to occur.
Mixtures: In chemistry, components of a mixture retain their
chemical identity. Use caution, because the general usage of
the word mixture includes some chemical reactions! For
example, you bake a cake by “mixing” ingredients, but this
results in a chemical reaction.
Crystallization: Crystallization orders the arrangement of

atoms and molecules, but does not change their identity.
Allotrope changes: Again, the arrangement of molecules changes, but
not the chemical identity. For example, graphite and diamond are both
allotropes of elemental carbon.
Magnetization: Magnetizing and de-magnetizing iron or another

substance is a physical change.
Tempering: Tempering steel involves heating and hammering steel.

While its hardness and flexibility change, its chemical composition
does not.
Remember, in a physical
change the appearance of
matter changes, but its
chemical composition
remains the same. The
size, shape, state, or color
of matter may change.
Changes in Matter
Chemical Changes in Matter
A chemical change always produces one or moretypes of
matter that differ from the matterpresent before the change.
The formation of rust is a chemical change because rust is a
different kind of matter than the iron, oxygen, and water
present before the rust formed.

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Properties and Changes of

2. distinguish between physical

Albedo – reflectivity of an object

Acidity and basicity Corrosivity Solubility

Phase transitions: Melting, freezing, evaporation, and

Heating and cooling: Temperature changes can result in phase

Crystallization: Crystallization orders the arrangement of

Magnetization: Magnetizing and de-magnetizing iron or another

Tempering: Tempering steel involves heating and hammering steel.

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