H.O.P.E.

GROUP 4

Health Optimizing Physical Education 2:

Athletics in Relation to Health-Related
Fitness
THE BRIEF HISTORY OF
ATHLETICS
THE BRIEF HISTORY OF ATHLETICS

Athletics is composed of sports involving running,

walking, jumping, and throwing. It is a group of sports
divided mainly in what is popularly known as track and field
and it has been played centuries ago in a sports competition.
In 776 B.C, Greeks started to promote track and field and it
opened the Olympic Games. Since then, it has been staged
every four years until 394 A.D. Athens revived the Olympic
Games in 1896. After that, the Olympic Games is stage every
four years.
THE BRIEF HISTORY OF ATHLETICS

In the early stage, the Greeks' participation in athletics

was intended to show the strong body and skills of the
soldiers. The beauty of the games caught the attention and
interest of more than 5000 people. Olympic Games became
very competitive and in 1923 women were included in the
event. The competition was under the support of the Amateur
Athletics Union.
THE BRIEF HISTORY OF ATHLETICS

Track and field event was introduced to the Filipinos

by the Americans. It was warmly accepted as one of the
events for competition. Athletics, as part of the local
competition, was governed by the Philippine Athletics Track
and Field Association. It followed the rules of International
Amateur Athletic Federation as a world governing body for
track and field athletics. Because of its worth and value, it
was included as a subject in the Physical Education.
EVENTS IN ATHLETICS
EVENTS IN ATHLETICS

RUNNING EVENTS

100-meter dash 4 x 100-meter relay

200-meter dash 4 x 400-meter relay
400-meter dash 110-meter high hurdles
800-meter run 100-meter hurdles
1500-meter run 400-meter low hurdles
3000-meter run 3000-meter Steeple Chase
5000-meter run Marathon and Walkathon
EVENTS IN ATHLETICS

JUMPING EVENTS

Long Jump
Triple Jump
High Jump
Pole Vault
EVENTS IN ATHLETICS

THROWING EVENTS

Shot Put
Discus Throw
Javelin Throw
Hammer Throw
ATHLETICS PLAYING VENUE
ATHLETICS PLAYING VENUE

Running events are played in an oval. It has eight lanes

and the inner most lane measures 400 meters. The seven other
lanes are appropriately marked to indicate the 400-meter distance
and the exceeding land measurement.

The surface of the oval is even and levelled, covered by

mixture of sand and cinder, some are combination of asphalt and
synthetic rubber. The modern running tracks are made of
synthetic rubber like materials
ATHLETICS PLAYING VENUE

OVAL
ATHLETICS PLAYING VENUE

LONG JUMP AND TRIPLE JUMP

ATHLETICS PLAYING VENUE

HIGH JUMP
ATHLETICS PLAYING VENUE

POLE VAULT
ATHLETICS PLAYING VENUE

SHOT PUT
ATHLETICS PLAYING VENUE

DISCUS THROW
ATHLETICS PLAYING VENUE

JAVELIN THROW
RUNNING EVENTS
RUNNING EVENTS

BODY POSITION OF THE SPRINTER

RUNNING EVENTS

BODY POSITION OF THE DISTANCE RUNNER

RUNNING EVENTS

Sprinters are innately gifted with a larger number of fast-

twitch muscle fibers. It permits them to execute explosive
movements and participate in high-intensity exercise for short
period of time. According to National Academy of Sports
Medicine (NASM), the same goes for powerlifters, bodybuilders,
and other strength athletes. Fast-twitch fibers can produce more
force in a shorter time than slow-twitch fibers. Also, sprinters are
naturally more muscular and have a bigger build than long-
distance runners.
RUNNING EVENTS

The relatively short sprint distances, ranging up to 400

meters, require a sustained top speed. Originally all sprinters
start from a standing position, but in the 1880s the crouch start
was invented, and it became a rule that sprinters must start with
both feet and both hands on the track. The introduction of the
adjustable starting block aided the quick start which is critical in
the sprints.
RUNNING EVENTS

Endurance athletes or long-distance runners have 90 to

95 percent slow- twitch muscle fibers. According to American
Council on Exercise, slow-twitch fibers are slighter and less
powerful but more resilient to fatigue than fast-twitch fibers. So,
they rely on oxygen to function properly. Slow-twitch muscle
fibers are well suitable for long-duration aerobic activities.
RUNNING EVENTS

The Hurdles
Hurdling is a sport in athletics (track and field) in which
a runner sprints and leaps over a series of hurdles, which are
set on a track with specific distance apart. Runners must stay in
their respective lanes throughout the race. If the runner knocks
the hurdles down while leaping, a runner who trails a foot or leg
alongside a hurdle or knocks it down with a hand is disqualified.
The winner will be the first player who been complete the
course without violation.
RUNNING EVENTS

The Standard Heights of the Hurdles shall be:

RUNNING EVENTS

What is a Relay?
The relays involve four runners per team. There are two standard
events, the 4 x 100- and 4 x 400-meter relays. They are both included in local
meets, in Olympic Games, and IAAF World Championships. The first runner in
the 4 x 100-meter relay begins the race in starting blocks. The next three
runners receive the baton in the 30 meters passing and receiving zone. The
receiver begins running in the acceleration zone within the exchange zone
(30m). In the relay, runners should not switch hands when carrying the baton.
Therefore, if the first runner will carry the baton in his right hand, the receiving
hand of the second runner will be left hand, the receiving hand of the third
runner will be right and the final runner will handle it in his left hand.
RUNNING EVENTS

Rules of a Relay
A team may be disqualified from a relay for:

 False Starting
 Incorrect baton passing
 For 4 x 400m illegal switching
 Passing of the baton outside the takeover zone
 During the race an athlete takes or picks up the baton of another team
 Deliberately impeding, improperly crossing the lane, or in any other way
interfering with another competitor
RUNNING EVENTS
Relay Techniques
JUMPING EVENTS
JUMPING EVENTS

High Jump
In the high jump event, the athlete must run in the start and
must jump over a bar without knocking it over. They land on a big soft
cushion. Being able to jump high without knocking the bar is
advantage to win the game. In this event technique is important,
there are many techniques used for high jump, but the current, and
most successful, in called the Fosbury Flop. The Fosbury flop
technique involves an approach from almost straight ahead, then
twisting on takeoff and going over the head first with the back to the
bar. Jumpers then land on their back.
JUMPING EVENTS

High Jump
JUMPING EVENTS

Long Jump
Long jump is the least complicated of all field events. It is
formerly called broad jumping. Long jump has been a popular
athletics event since Ancient Greece Olympics. In long jump, speed
is the most vital ingredient for a successful jump. Jumpers make their
approach down the runway at almost top speed, plant a foot on the
takeoff board, and leap into the air. Jumpers must plant the forward
foot not beyond the take-off board to become legal. The most popular
long-jumping style is "Hitch-Kick," where in the runner apparently
walks in air.
JUMPING EVENTS

Long Jump
JUMPING EVENTS
Pole Vault
The pole vault may be the toughest to master of all field
events, Pole-vaulting in quite more likely to high jump. Vaulters
attempt to vault over a crossbar placed on uprights, each height.
They are given three tries, then they land on a large soft mattress for
safety.

The vaulter runs down the track holding a pole at one end.
After planting the end of the pole in a metal box in the ground level,
the vaulters propel themselves up and over a high bar using both a
jump and the spring to gain height. They must get over the bar
without knocking it off.
JUMPING EVENTS

Pole Vault
JUMPING EVENTS

Triple Jump
The triple jump is like long jump, it is known as the hop, step,
and jump. The jumper will first run down the track gaining speed, at
the start of the jump or take off point they will jump or spring from one
foot and land on that same foot (hop); next they jump again, at this
time landing on the opposite foot (step); lastly, they jump as far as
they can and land on both feet (jump) into the sand pit or landing pit.
JUMPING EVENTS

Triple Jump
THROWING EVENTS
THROWING EVENTS

Discus Throw
A discus in plate like or round disc (implement), typically
made of plastic with a metal rim. It is thrown from a concrete circle
that is about 2.50 meter in diameter. The thrower's feet cannot
leave the circle unless the discus lands on sector area or else the
thrower will be at fault, and the throw will not be counted. To
achieve maximum distance in the discus, the thrower shall maintain
these three components -speed, technique, and strength. The
thrower that throws the farthest inside the sector area and without
committing any violation wins.
THROWING EVENTS

Discus Throw
THROWING EVENTS

Javelin Throw
The javelin is something like a spear (implement). It was
introduced in the Olympics at 708 BC. This event should be
supervised at all times to be sure no one is hurt. Javelin throw does
not use a circle when throwing. The thrower must hold the javelin at
the grip part and should always be maintained above the shoulder
level. The javelin must lie before the specified zone and its tip
should hit the ground to become valid. The thrower should maintain
his balance until the javelin lands on the ground. Once the
competition has started, the athletes cannot use the perimeter for
practice purpose.
THROWING EVENTS

Javelin Throw
THROWING EVENTS

Shot Put
Shot is a piece of spherical iron ball that is thrown from a
concrete circle that is seven feet in diameter. The front of the circle
has a metal board called a toe board or stop board. The thrower
cannot touch the top of the stop board or step over it during the
throw. The thrower holds the shot close to his/her neck in one
hand.
There are two common throwing techniques:

1. Slide or "glide
2. Spin or rotational
THROWING EVENTS

Shot Put

The goal is to build momentum and finally push or put the

shot inside the sector landing area. The thrower must stay in a
circle until the shot has landed or else their throw is invalid. The
thrower throws farthest inside the landing sector and without
committing any violation wins.
THROWING EVENTS

Shot Put
THROWING EVENTS
Hammer Throw
Hammer throw does not actually involve throwing a usual
hammer like you think. In this Athletics throwing event, the thrower
throws a metal ball attached to a handle and a straight wire about three
feet long. The hammer is thrown from a concrete circle 2.15 meter in
diameter (just like the shot put) but there is no toe board or stop board.
Like the discus and the shot put, the thrower must stay in a circle until
the hammer lands. The thrower rotates several times to gain
momentum prior to releasing and throwing the hammer. Maintaining
balance is important due to the force generated by having the heavy
ball at the end of the wire. The thrower that throws farthest without
committing any violation wins.
THROWING EVENTS
Hammer Throw
THROWING EVENTS
Official Implements
In all International Competitions, the implements used shall
comply with current IAAF specifications. Only IAAF certified implements
may be used. The following table shows the implement to be used by
each age group: