Introduction to

Computer Networks & Cyber Security

 Course Description

• Entry level to understand the basics knowledge of :

• Computer Networks

• Cyber Security

• Distributed System (Virtualization concepts and cloud computing)

• in order to help students how to deal with the computer networks and protect their

devices from threats

 Learning Outcomes
 Know about
 Computer networks basic Terminologies and classifications
 Network protocols
 Cyber security and security goals
 Methods of attacks and risks
 Attacks mitigation and encryption
 Distributed System
 Types of Distributed System and examples
 Cloud computing service models and deployment models
Enhance students skills by doing some practices on some topics
 Course Duration and Evaluation
• Duration: 21 hours
• 5 Lectures (15 hours)
• 2 Labs (6 hours)

• Evaluation Criteria:
• Participation and exercise completion (40%)
• Exam after finishing all the main conceptual courses (60%)
 Course Topics

 Topic 1 (Network Essentials)

 Computer Networks Definition and Basic Terminologies
 TCP/IP Protocol Suite
 Topic 2 (Cyber Security Essentials)
 Information Security Goals
 Risks & Threats
 Security Defenses
 Encryption
 Topic 3 (Distributed System )
 Distributed Systems overview
 Types of Distributed System
 Distributed System Examples
 Cloud computing
 Course References

o Essential Computer Science “ Paul D. Crutcher,Neeraj Kumar Singh,Peter Tiegs”

o Cisco CCNA (200-301) Cert Prep: 1 Network Fundamentals and Access

o CompTIA Network

o Data and Computer Communications “ William Stallings 10th Edition”

o TCP/IP Protocol Suite “Behrouz A. Forouzan 4th Edition”

o Understanding IPv6 “Joseph Davies 2nd Edition”

o Distributed Systems ”van Steen, Maarten, Tanenbaum, Andrew S.”

o https://maharatech.gov.eg/enrol/index.php?id=22

o https://maharatech.gov.eg/enrol/index.php?id=37
Session 1 (Network Essentials)
• Session Outlines

• Computer Networks
• Definition and Basic Terminologies

• TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• Application Layer

• Transport layer

• Internet layer

• Network Access Layer (Physical Layer /Datalink Layer)

Topic 1 (Computer Networks Definition)
• Computer Network :
• a collection of computers, and other devices, or peripherals connected
together through connecting media to perform certain task such as :
Share Resources

• Resources can be :
• File Sharing

• Devices Sharing

• Software Sharing with multi-user licenses.

• Voice and Video calls

• Shared Internet Access

Session 1 (Network Elements)
• Hardware
• Devices
• Computers – Printers –Phone – Routers - Switches

• Medium
• Wired -Wireless –Satellites

• Software
• Messages

• Information that travels over the medium such as Mails-WhatsApp….etc

• Protocols

• Governs how messages flow across network such as http –https-FTP-RDP

Session 1 (Network Basic
Terminologies
• NIC (Network Interface)Card)/network adapter or LAN adapter.
• a hardware that enable the device to directly access the network

• Internal NIC (plugs into the motherboard directly)

• External NIC(Wireless and USB based )

• Mac address:
• Physical Address, Unique address over the world burned on the NIC card
• IP address :
• logical address, identify each device on an IP network layer.
• Protocols
• Communication rules that all entity must agree on http –https-FTP-RDP
Session 1 (Network Basic
Terminologies
• Hub )
• Allow different nodes to communicate with each other at the same network(Slow the
network)

• Repeater
• Regenerate the signal over the same network before the signal becomes too weak or
corrupted

• Access point (AP)

• allows other Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network. An AP is a physical location
where Wi-Fi access is available.

• Switch
• Allow different nodes to communicate with each other at the same network and time
without slowing each other

• Router
• Allow different networks to communicate with each other
 Networks Classifications
 According to network topology
 How the computer are connected

 According to Covered Area

 How large is the network

 According to network model

 What type of model
Session 1 (Network Topology)
• Network Topology
• how devices are connected (shape) and how message flow from one
device to another device, Each topology has its own advantages and
disadvantages

Star Ring Mesh Hybrid

Session 1 (Network Covered Area )
• Local Area Networks (LAN)
• a group of computers connected in small geographical area such as
school, university campus or office building (100-1000 M)
• Allow users to share files and services
• High speed of communications
• Under administrative Control

• Wide Area Networks (WAN)

• A WAN is a group of computers connected in Large geographical area
such as country
• WAN can contain multiple smaller networks, such as LANs or MANs.
• Very low Speed
• Under your ISP Administrative control
example of WAN is Internet
Session 1 (Internet )
• The internet
• is defined as a global mesh of interconnected networks
• No one actually owns the Internet
• Many Orgs, ISPs, Companies, Govs own pieces of Internet
Infrastructure.
• ISOC: Internet Society
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task Forum
• ICANN: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers
 Session 1 (Network Models)
• Peer to Peer Networks
• No dedicated resources to present specific service
• Easy to work with
• All nodes are the same (equal to use the resources )
• Client/Server Networks
• Some nodes (SERVER) are dedicated to present services to other
nodes (CLIENTS)
• Server is more powerful
• Mail Server
• Web Server
• File Server
• Print Server
Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol Suite)
• Why we need Protocols ?
• To communicate efficiently
• Enable data to flow from one NIC to another
• Control the messages and the messages quantity in the
network.

• OSI Reference Model

• OSI: Open Systems Interconnect
• was defined by ISO in 1983
• Give developers universal concepts so they can develop
protocols
• The OSI reference model breaks this approach into layers.
Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol Suite)
• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)
• Open Standard Protocol
• Cross Platform) default protocol for all modern operating systems (
• Microsoft Operating Systems
• LINUX Operating Systems
• Not tied to one vendor
• Direct access to the Internet )TCP/IP is the internet protocol(
• Now internet use TCP/IP v4
• Next version TCP/IP v6
• Routable
Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol Suite)
• TCP/IP VS. OSI Model
Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol Architecture)

• Some Protocols in TCP/IP Suite

 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Application Layer
• Communication between processes or
applications

• Internet Services (Client/Web Server)

• The World Wide Web: HTTP
• Naming Service: DNS
• File Transfer: FTP
• Telnet Service
• Electronic Mail service: IMAP, POP3, SMTP
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• URL is Universal Resource Locator

• Protocol : HTTP, HTTPS or FTP

• Host : is the domain name of the computer on which the information is located .
• Port: The URL can optionally contain the port number of the server
• Path: is the pathname of the file where the information is located.
• HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)
• Supports the delivery of web pages to the client
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• DNS (Domain Name Servers)
• A way to translate human-readable names into IP addresses
• How the client get the website
• 1- check the cash
• 2- check the hosts file
• 3- Ask DNS server
• List of Top Level Domains (TLDs)
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• a transmission protocol that provides reliable data transfer
between hosts
• FTP Client
• Use Internet Browser as FTP client.
• Using MS Windows built-in FTP client
• Third party programs “cute FTP”
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Telnet /SSH or RDP
• Telnet/SSH is a user command and an underlying TCP/IP
protocol for accessing remote computers.
• Telnet/SSH, an administrator can access someone else's
computer remotely
• Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a Microsoft
proprietary protocol that enables remote connections to
other computers,
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Mail Server and Clients
• Mail Clients
• Web based : Hotmail ,gmail
• Non web based : Microsoft Outlook
• Mail Protocols
• SMTP (send mail transfer Protocol)
• send messages back and forth to other Mail Servers or Email Clients
• POP3 “Post Office Protocol version 3”
• the Email Client contacts the Mail Server to collect email messages
• Download messages on the hard disk
• can work Offline
• Keep the user’s quota on the server
• IMAP4 “Internet Message Access Protocol version 4”
• Retrieve only message header
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Transport Layer
TCP UDP
Transmission Control Protocol) User Datagram Protocol
Reliable (Acknowledgement) Unreliable (Best –Effort delivery)
Connection oriented (synchronization) Connectionless (no notification)
Full duplex Full duplex
Error control(Error checking(checksum ) Perform very limited error checking
Data-recovery features Has no Data-recovery features
E-mail Voice Streaming
File sharing Video Streaming
Downloading
TCP Header vs UDP Header
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Transport Layer addressing (Port Numbers.)
• ( ICANN) controls the port numbers.
• Well Known ports
• permanent used numbers.
Range from 1 to 1,023 are assigned and controlled by ICANN
• Registered ports
• Range from 1,024 to 49,151 not assigned or controlled by
ICANN
• designated for use with a certain protocol or application
but can be registered at ICANN to avoid duplication
• Dynamic ports
• Range from 49,152 to 65,535 are neither controlled nor
registered
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Internet / Network protocol Layer
(IP Layer)
• Provides connectivity and path selection
between two hosts (Source to Destination)
• Routing of data (Provide mechanism to transmit
data over independent networks that are linked
together)
• Logical addressing IPV4 , IPV6
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Internet Protocol (IP V4)
• Some times we called it the logical address
• Every host (computer, networking device, peripheral) must have a unique
address at the same network
• The IP address 32 bit divided into 4 octets each octet 8 bit
1 octet = 8 bit each represents from 0 to 255 separated with dots

•The address space of IPv4 is 232 or 4,294,967,296

 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
PUBLIC IP ADDRESSES (Real IP) Private IP Addresses (Local IP)
Class Private Address Range

A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255 255

 Nat is used to Translate the private IP address to public IP addresses.

 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• How to assign IP address to device
• Manually
• Automatic ( By DHCP )
• APIPA (Random /Rang : 169.254.X.X)

• To find your private IP

• Ipconfig - Ipconfig /all - Ipconfig /release - Ipconfig /renew

• ICMP (Ping) To test connectivity between Hosts

• Ping IP
• Ping URL
• Ping IP -l -n -t
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Internet Protocol (IP V6)
• 128-bit address, provides approximately
(340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,
211,456) = approximately 340 undecillion, or 340
billion billion billion billion, addresses)
• Represented as eight groups, separated by colons,
of four hexadecimal digits. The full
representation may be simplified by several
methods of notation;

2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
=
2001:db8::8a2e:370:7334
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Internet Of Things (IOT)
• Aims connect all devices to the existing Internet
infrastructure.
• "things" that sense and collect data and send it to
the internet.
• (Eg:- coffee maker, A.C, Washing Machine, Ceiling
Fan, lights , any thing ) having sensors can be
connected with internet.
• PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS:-
• Smart Homes -Smart Cities-Energy - Environment
monitoring- healthcare- Management
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Network Access Layer

• Datalink Layer
- Logical interface between end system and network
- Error notification.
(FRAMES, MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL)
- Hop to Hop addressing
- Error detection Mechanism (detects damaged or lost frames)
• Physical Layer
- defines the electrical, mechanical, Transmission medium
- movements of individual Bits from one node to next
 Session 1 (TCP/IP Protocol
Architecture)
• Physical Addresses (Mac)
• Physical Address burned on the card
• Unique address over the world
• 48-bit (6-byte) written as 12 hexadecimal digits;
• every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon

• Physical addresses can be either

• Unicast
• Multicast
• Broadcast

• To check your physical address: -

• Ipconfig /all
• GetMac
 Session 1 Practices
• Find your mac address
• Ipconfig /all
• Get mac
• Find your real IP addresses
• https://www.whatismyip.com/
• Find your private IP addresses
• Ipconfig
• Ipconfig /all
• Ipconfig /release
• Ipconfig /renew
• Find current session and ports on your device
• Netstat -n
• Netstat -a
• Find The IP of the domain Yahoo.com
• Nslookup Yahoo.com
Session 2 (Cyber Security Essentials)
• Session Outlines
• Information Security Goals
• Confidentiality
• Integrity
• Availability
• Risks & Threats
• Threats & Vulnerabilities
• Attackers methodology & Methods
• Malware Types
• Security Defenses
• Firewalls (Static & Dynamic firewalls)
• IDS /IPS
• VPN
• Proxy
• Next generation Firewalls
• Encryption
• Symmetric & Asymmetric Key Cryptography
• Digital Signatures /Digital Certificates
 Session 2 (Security Goals)
• Cyber Security
• protect systems, networks, programs, devices and data from cyber
attacks
• Security is a shared responsibility that each person must accept
when they connect to the network.
• Security Goals Technically Defined
• Confidentiality
• Ensuring that information is not revealed to unauthorized persons
• Integrity
• Ensuring consistency of data and it should be possible to detect any
modification of data
• Availability
• Ensuring that legitimate users are not denied access to information and
resources
 Session 2 (Risks & Threats )
• Focus of Security is Risk
• Risk = Threat x Vulnerabilities
• Vulnerability is the degree of weakness which is found in every network and device.

• Threats is A person, thing, event or idea which poses danger to an asset in terms of that asset’s
confidentiality, integrity, availability or legitimate use

• It's impossible to totally eliminate risk & There is NO simple solution to securing information

• Security 99.9 % Not found Why ?

• New technologies / applications
• New Vulnerabilities
• the difficulties in defending against these attacks (cost)
 Session 2 (Attackers Methodology & Methods

• Attack: Any attempt to destroy, expose, alter, disable, steal or breaking

into the information or breaking the systems or gain unauthorized access
to or make unauthorized use of an asset

• Passive Attack
• Difficult to detect, because the attacker isn’t actively sending traffic (malicious or
otherwise)
• Example: An attacker capturing packets from the network and attempting to decrypt
them
• Active Attack
• Easier to detect, because the attacker is actively sending traffic that can be detected.
• An attacker might launch an active attack in an attempt to access information or to
modify data on a system.
 Session 2 (Attackers Methodology & Methods)
• What does a Malicious Hacker Do?
• Reconnaissance
• where an attacker seeks to gather as much information as possible about a target to
launching an attack.
• Scanning
• the hacker scans the network with specific information gathered during
reconnaissance. Scanning for open ports, operating systems, applications,
• Gaining Access
• the true attack phase. The hacker exploits the system.
• Maintaining Access
• the hacker tries to retain his ‘ownership’ of the system.
• Sometimes, hackers harden the system from other hackers.
• Covering Tracks
• activities undertaken by the hacker to extend his misuse of the system without being
detected. Hackers can remain undetected for long periods.
 Session 2 (Attackers Methods)
• Social engineering
• the ability of something or someone to influence the behavior of a group of people.
Like tricking someone to disclose information or taking action.
• PHISHING ATTACK:
• A fake web page which looks exactly like a popular website such ( facebook, twitter, Gmail ,
paypal , bank page ) to persuade you to enter information identity such as username ,
passwords and credit cards details
• the hacker records the username and password and then tries that information on the real site.

• HIJACK ATTACK
• a hacker takes over a session between you and another individual and disconnects the other
individual from the communication. You still believe that you are talking to the original party
and may send private information to the hacker by accident.
• Insider Attack
• involves someone from the inside, such as a dissatisfied employee, attacking the network.
 Session 2 (Attackers Methods)
• SPOOF ATTACK
• the hacker modifies the source address of the packets he or she is sending so that
they appear to be coming from someone else. This may be an attempt to bypass your
firewall rules.
• BUFFER OVERFLOW ATTACK
• A buffer overflow attack is when the attacker sends more data to an application than is
expected. usually results in the attacker gaining administrative access to the system in a
command prompt or shell

• PASSWORD ATTACK
• An attacker tries to crack the passwords stored in a network account database or a password-
protected file.
• Dictionary attack
• Brute-force attack
• Hybrid attack.
Session 2 (Malicious Software (Malware )types)

• Backdoor or Trapdoor
• Secret entry point into a program ,Have been commonly used by developers
• Can’t be removed or scanned and the only way is to uninstall sw or format the system

• Trojan Horse
• program with hidden side-effects which is usually superficially attractive eg game,
software upgrade etc .
• allows attacker to indirectly gain access they do not have directly
• used to propagate a virus/worm or install a backdoor
• Open some ports or pass some malicious files

• Viruses
• A virus is malicious software that is attached to another program to execute a
particular unwanted function on a user's workstation.
• Both propagates itself & Carries code to make copies of itself
Session 2 (Malicious Software (Malware )types)
• Worms
• Replicating but not infecting program Typically spreads over a network Using
users distributed privileges or by exploiting system vulnerabilities Widely used
by hackers to create zombie pc's, subsequently used for further attacks,
especially DOS
• Major issue is lack of security of permanently connected systems
• Zombie
• Program which secretly takes over another networked computer then uses it to
indirectly launch attacks
• Often used to launch distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks
• Ransomware
• Malware that locks a computer or device or encrypts data (Crypto ransomware)
on an infected endpoint with an encryption key ,only the attacker knows the
key the data unusable until the victim pays a ransom (usually cryptocurrency,
such as Bitcoin).
Session 2 (Malicious Software (Malware )types)

• DoS Attack
• Denial of service is about without permission knocking off
services, for example through crashing the whole system.
• This kind of attacks are easy to launch and it is hard to
protect a system against them.
• Consume host resources
• Memory
• Processor cycles
• Consume network resources
• Bandwidth
• Dos Attack (Ping of Death)
• DDoS Attack
• A distributed denial of service attack uses multiple machines to
prevent the legitimate use of a service.
• TCP SYN flood
Session 2 (Malicious Software (Malware )types)

• Spam
• Spam is a serious network threat that can overload ISPs, email servers and
individual end-user systems. A person or organization responsible for sending
spam is called a spammer. Spammers often make use of unsecured email servers
to forward email. Spammers can use hacking techniques, such as viruses, worms
and Trojan horses to take control of home computers.
• Spyware
• Spyware is any program that gathers personal information from your
computer without your permission or knowledge. This information is sent to
advertisers or others on the Internet and can include passwords and account
numbers.
• Tracking Cookies
• Cookies are a form of spyware but are not always bad. They are used to record
information about an Internet user when they visit websites
 Session 2 (Attacks Mitigation)
• Firewall
• A Firewall is one of the most effective security tools available for protecting internal
network users from external threats.
• A firewall resides between two or more networks and controls the traffic between them
as well as helps prevent unauthorized access
• Static Packet Filtering (stateless firewall )
• - Prevents or allows access based on IP or MAC addresses.
• Dynamic Packet Filtering (state full firewall)
• Incoming packets must be legitimate responses to requests from internal
hosts. Unsolicited packets are blocked unless permitted specifically. can
filter out specific types of attacks such as DoS.
 Session 2 (Attack Mitigation)
• Proxy Server
• A computer system (or an application program) that intercepts internal user
requests and then processes that request on behalf of the user
• Goal is to hide the IP address of client systems inside the secure network

• VPN
• It Tunnel the traffic between the Two Sides of Network
• Kinds:
• Remote Access VPN
• Site to Site VPN
 Session 2 (Attack Mitigation
)
• Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems
• NIDS:
• Watch the Network Traffic and if there is Intrusion it
Detects that there is Bad traffic Flow.
• it send alarms and logs
• NIPS:
• Stops the traffic if it detects that there is intrusion
• Signature-based: look for the perfect match
• Anomaly-based: Built a based line of what is normal
• Behavior-based: observe and report
• Next generation Firewall (NGFW)
• is,a “deep-packet inspection firewall that moves beyond port/protocol
inspection and blocking to add application-level inspection, intrusion
prevention, and bringing intelligence from outside the firewall.”
 Session 2 (Encryption)
• Encryption
• converts the original representation of the information,
known as plaintext, into an alternative form known as
ciphertext.

• Unencrypted data, called plaintext, is sent through an

encryption algorithm to generate a ciphertext. A key is
used for encryption.

• In symmetric encryption, the same key both encrypts

and decrypts data. (Not secure)

• In Asymmetric encryption Uses two keys, one for

encryption (public key)and the other for decryption
(private key).
 Session 2 (Digital Signatures & Certificates)
)

• Digital Signatures
• A digital signature is done by hashing a document and then encrypting the hash with a private
key.
• Any entity (like a bank) that has the public key can verify that the document is signed by the
owner of the private key.
• digital signatures do not provide confidentiality but only provide nonrepudiation and integrity.

• Digital Certificates (public-key certificate)

• electronic file that contains identification information about the holder, including the person’s public
key (used for encrypting and decrypting messages), along with the authority’s digital signature,
• the recipient can verify with the authority that the certificate is authentic.
• Digital certificates are issued by certification authorities.
• Websites usually also have digital certificates, to enable a person intending to buy its products to
confirm that it is an authenticated site. Such certificates serve as the security basis for HTTPS
Digital Signature
 Session2 Practices

• How to use your local firewall to block a port and stop DOS attack
from a zombie device
 Session 3 (Distributed System)
• Distributed Systems
• Is a group of computers working together as to
appear as a single computer to the end-user.

• Is a collection of independent components

located on different machines that share
messages with each other in order to achieve
common goals.
Session 3 (Distributed Systems)
• Session Outlines
• Distributed Systems overview
• Definition and Basic Terminologies
• Why build a distributed system?
• Types of Distributed Systems
• The 4 Distributed Systems architecture
• Distributed System Examples
• Cloud computing
• Cloud computing service models
• Cloud computing deployment models
 Session 3 (Distributed System)
• Centralized system VS Distributed system
• Centralized system: State stored on a single computer
○ Simpler
○ Easier to understand
○ Can be faster for a single user

● Distributed system: State divided over multiple computers

○ More robust(can tolerate failures)
○ More scalable (often supports many users)
○ More complex
 Session 3 (Distributed System)
• Why build a distributed system?
• One interface to the end-user.
• Performance
• maximize resources and information while preventing failures
• Reliability
• if one system fails, it won't affect the availability of the service
• Dependency on cloud
• Scaling
 Session 3 (Distributed System)
• Distributed system is growing…They are everywhere!
• modern applications no longer run in isolation. The vast majority of
products and applications rely on distributed systems such as :
• Networks
• LAN/ Internet
• Distributed Real-time Systems
• Uber and logistics use real-time tracking systems.
• Parallel Processing
• Could Computing
• Distributed Artificial Intelligence
• learn and process very large data sets using multi-agents
• Distributed Database Systems
• Multiple servers and/or physical locations. The data can either be replicated or
duplicated across systems.
 Session 3 (Distributed System)
• Distributed systems must have :
• Network that connects all components
• Hardware, or Software) together to communicate with each other with an IP
address
• Messages passed between machines contain forms of data that the systems
want to share like databases, objects, and files.

• Protocols ,The way the messages are communicated reliably whether it’s
sent, received, acknowledged or how a node retries on failure is an
important feature of a distributed system.
• Scalability, Distributed systems were created out of necessity as services
and applications needed to scale and new machines needed to be added
and managed.
Session 3 (Types of Distributed System)
• Four architecture types :
1. Client-server:
• a server as a shared resource like (a printer, database, or a
web server)
• Multiple clients use the shared resource.
2. Three-tier:
- can rely on a middle tier to do the processing and decision
making.
-The middle tier could be called an agent that receives
requests from clients, and then forwards it on to the servers.
- Most of the first web applications fall under this category.
 Session 3 (Types of Distributed
System)
3- Multi-tier (n-tier)
• Enterprise web services popularized the application servers
that contain the business logic
- n-tier interacts both with the data tiers and presentation tiers.
- Ex : google.com
4- Peer-to-peer :
• No centralized or special machine that does the heavy lifting
and intelligent work in this architecture.
• All the decision making and responsibilities are split up
amongst the machines involved and each could take on client
or server roles.
• Blockchain is a good example of this.
 Session 3 (Distributed System
Examples)
• Domain Name System (DNS)
• Distributed lookup table of hostname to IP address
• Facebook & Google use distributed systems extensively
• Massive scale
• Fast enough
• Very reliable
• Cloud Computing
• Virtualization
 Session 3 (Virtualization)
• Virtualization
• Is a technology that run multiple same or different operating systems which is
completely isolated from each other at the same time on the same machine
• Example: run both windows and Linux on the same machine

• Virtualization is different from Dual Boot ?

• Dual Boot run only one OS at the same time Virtualization run multiple OS at the
same time
• Virtualization Benefits
• Consolidation of different hardware
• Redundancy
• Migration
• Centralized management
 Session 3 (Cloud computing )
• Cloud computing
• A pool of resources that can be rapidly provisioned in an automated, on-
demand manner.
• Value of cloud computing is :
• Economies of scale
• Elastic enough to scale with the needs of your organization.
• Cost and operational benefits
• Easily accessed by users no matter where they reside
 Session 3 (Cloud computing service models)

• Cloud computing service models

 Session 3 (Cloud computing service models)

• Software as a service (SaaS).

• Customers are provided access to an application running on a cloud infrastructure.
• but the customer has no knowledge of, and does not manage or control, the underlying cloud infrastructure.
• Platform as a service (PaaS).
• Customers can deploy supported applications onto the provider’s cloud infrastructure,
• but the customer has no knowledge of, and does not manage or control, the underlying cloud infrastructure.
• The company owns the deployed applications and data, and it is therefore responsible for the security of
those applications and data.
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS).
• Customers can provision processing, storage, networks, and other computing resources, and deploy and
run operating systems and applications.
• the customer has no knowledge of, and does not manage or control, the underlying cloud infrastructure. The
customer has control over operating systems, storage, and deployed applications, along with some
networking components (for example, host firewalls).
• The company owns the deployed applications and data, and it is therefore responsible for the security of
those applications and data.
 Session 3 (Cloud computing deployment model)

• Public.
• A cloud infrastructure that is open to use by the general public. It’s owned, managed, and operated by a third party
(or parties), and it exists on the cloud provider’s premises.

• Private.
• A cloud infrastructure that is used exclusively by a single organization. It may be owned, managed, and operated by
the organization or a third party (or a combination of both), and it may exist on premises or off premises.

• Hybrid.
• A cloud infrastructure that comprises two or more of the aforementioned deployment models, bound by
standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (for example, fail over to a secondary
data center for disaster recovery or content delivery networks across multiple clouds).

• Community.
• A cloud infrastructure that is used exclusively by a specific group of organizations
 Session 3 Practices

• Use the Vmware Workstation tool to host the two different

OS on your machine
Thank You