Structure of Predicate

Kian Philippe Tambiga

Keanna Gardose
John Michael Bejo
Iris Caspillo
Objectives
At the end of the lesson students can:
Differentiate between subject & predicate
Determine the kinds and function of a verb &;
Construct a sentence using the proper predicate.
PREDICATE
Since we started schooling, we were taught that a group
of words does not express a complete thought without a
subject and a predicate. A combination of subject and
predicate or the doer of the action and the action itself
makes-up a sentence. Predicates always give more
information about the subject. They could be simple or a
series of phrases. To find the predicate in the sentence is
to always look at what the subject is doing.
PREDICATE
Example
Diligence pays.(S +V)
Gerald does his work with diligence.(S+ VP)
The sentences above consist of a subject and a verb or predicate. The
structure of predication is the association between the subject and the
predicate of the sentence. A predicate is one of the major constituents in
a sentence, the other one is the subject. Both subjects and predicates
may constitute a word or group of words. The sentence "diligence pays"
contains a single verb as a predicate while the “Gerald does his work
with diligence" comes with a verb phrase as a predicate.
PREDICATE
Predicates could be a single word, a phrase, or
any of the syntactic structures of modification,
coordination, and complementation.

In the structures of predication, verbs are

always at the core.
PREDICATE
If a predicate is a structure of
complementation, there is always a verb
at its core. An example is “Arya is kind."
The predicate structure starts with is and
is complemented by an adjective kind.
PREDICATE
If the predicate is a structure of coordination, the
predicate is always marked by a verb as coordinate
members. An example is “Jeanyfer sings and
dances". The predicate is introduced by an
intransitive verb and added with another
intransitive verb using a conjunction and.
PREDICATE
If the predicate contains a structure of
modification, it always begins with a transitive
verb. An example is “Ace drives a luxurious
car." The predicate is marked with the verb
drives followed by a direct object car modified
by the word luxurious.
PREDICATE
examples
Via likes movie so much.
(likes movie so much)
Kim and Jomari are friends.
(are friends)
Novelyn prepared food for the family.
(prepared food for the family)
DISTINCTION OF
Verbs are mainly distinguished according to
VERBS
their form. These include the "s-form" and the
"base-form". Verbs always agree with the
subject in number. The s-form is used when
the subject is in the third person singular,
while the base form is used in the third person
plural.
DISTINCTION OF
Examples of verbs in s-forms:
VERBS
Cooper talks to Jake. (talks)
Cooper travels on foot. (travels)
In both sentences, Cooper as a subject is singular
thus the verb talk and travel are added with the
inflections.
DISTINCTION OF
VERBS
But when the subject is plural, the base-form of the
verb is used.
Examples:
Ace and Jan talk to Arya every day. (talk)
Rhea and Des travel on foot. (travel)
The verbs used in both sentences are in base-form (no
inflection ) since the subject is plural.
DISTINCTION OF
VERBS
Verb forms also include the distinctions between
regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs are those
that form their past and past participle by adding
ed or -d to the base form while irregular verbs are
those that change their form when used as past
tense or past participle.
 Examples of regular verbs:
Rhea agreed to the suggestions posed. (agree)
He compared the present data to the previous one
(compare)
Examples of irregular verbs:
Jean read the information thoroughly. (read)
He hurt his head while reading. (hurt)
KINDS AND FUNCTION
The predicate structures always vary according to
the kinds of verbs used in the sentence. These
include linking verbs, auxiliary verbs, transitive
verbs, intransitive verbs, ditransitive verbs,
ergative verbs, & prepositional verbs.
Linking Verbs
Also called copulative verbs. These are verbs that
connect a subject to a complement. Linking verbs
include be-verbs that link the subject to the
complement such as is, am, are, was, and were,
Linking verbs also involve the verbs that appeal to
the senses.
Linking Verbs
Example:
The teachers are
(The complement is an adjective)
productive
S+LV+complement

(The complement is a noun phrase)

Jane is her name
S+LV+complement
Auxiliary Verbs
Are those that help the main verbs complete the
ideas in the sentences. These include (a) be verbs:
is, am, are, was, were; (b) do verbs: do, does did;
(c) have: has, have, had; (d) modals: can, could,
would, might, may will, etc.
Auxiliary Verbs
Example:
The teacher is planning for her lesson
S+AxV+Pp (auxiliary be + present participle
The students have studied for the class
S+AxV+Pp (auxiliary have + past participle)
Did you do your homework?
DoV+S+V-base form (auxiliary do + base form)
Transitive Verbs
Are those that need an object to receive the action.
The objects form could be nouns or pronouns that
are direct receiver of the action.
Transitive Verbs
Example:
My friend fixd my television
S+TV+Do (my television is a direct object)
My daughter copied her notes
S+TV+Do (her notes is a direct object)
The teacher examines her work
S+TV+Do (her work is a direct object)
Intransitive Verbs
Are those that do not need an object to receive the
action. This is the direct opposite of a transitive
verb. A prepositional phrase may be added after the
intransitive verb, which, when deleted, would not
change the message of the sentence.
Intransitive Verbs
Example:
Taylor Swift ran away into the forest
S+InV (into the forest may be deleted)
She hesitates for the job
S+InV (for the job may be deleted)
Ditransitive Verbs
Verbs that allow two objects such as nouns and
pronouns to complete the meaning.
Ditransitive Verbs
Example:
He offered me a job.
S+DiV+IO+DO (two objects- me and a job)
She handed me the fees.
S+DiV+IO+DO (two objects- me and the fees)
Ergative Verbs
Are verbs that may or may not require object
nouns and pronouns to complete the message.
Ergative Verbs
Example:
Rhea broke the glass.
(the glass- object)
The glass broke into pieces.
(into pieces- may be deleted)
I dropped my phone
(my phone- obeject)
Prepositional Verbs
Are verbs that need prepositions to complete the
ideas. This includes verb-preposition
combinations. Verb-preposition combination may
form phrasal verbs and idioms.
Prepositional Verbs
Example:
He gets along with me fast
S+V+Prep (gets along- one verb unit)
My students dropped out of school
S+V+Prep (dropped out- one verb unit)
VERB ASPECTS AND
TENSES
Verb tenses are categorized into the present, past and future.
The present tense includes actions that happen in the present at
a regular occurrence or factual. Past tense includes actions that
are done in the past. Future tenses are actions that are yet to
happen. These tenses of the verbs are often associated with the
aspects. The aspects include simple, progressive, perfect and
perfect progressive. Combining the tenses and aspects would
answer the questions: When did the action happen and how
did it happen?
VERB ASPECTS AND
TENSES
In constructing simple past tense, the verb is
always in the past form. The verbs in the simple
past tense are actions that are completed in a
particular or over a period of time. It also indicates
habitual action in the past, actions that are in
series, and actions that are true or narrated from a
story.
Simple Past Tense
Example:
I had my research yesterday
S+Verb phrase begins with simple
past(completed action)
Yesterday, the sun set at 6:00pm
S+Verb phrase begins with simple past(factual
event)
VERB ASPECTS AND
TENSES
In constructing simple present tense, the verb is
either in s-form or base-form depending on the
plurality of the subject. The simple present tense is
used for habitual actions, factual information, used
in comments, present feelings and emotions, and
current events.
Simple Present Tense
Example:
The sun rises in the east
S+Verb phrase begins with simple
present(factual)
I feel safe being with you
S+Verb phrase begins with simple
present(emotion)
VERB ASPECTS AND
TENSES
In constructing simple future tense, the main verb
should be in base-form preceded by will or shall.
This indicates actions that will happen in the future
including plans, promises, and predictions.
Simple Future Tense
Example:
I will visit you
S+Verb phrase begins with will(plan)
I shall return
S+Verb phrase begins with will(promise)
VERB ASPECTS AND
TENSES
Past progressive tense denotes action that occurred
at a certain time in the past or happened while
another action took place. In constructing past
progressive tense, the pattern is subject
+was/were+ present participle and other phrases.
Past ProgressiveTense
Example:
I was eating when you called
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary verb(two
actions at a time)
The earthquake was happening around 4:00pm
yesterday
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary
verb(progressive action)
VERB ASPECTS AND
TENSES
Present progressive tense denotes action that is
happening at a particular time at the present or an
event that is happening at a certain time in the
future. The duration of the action is evident. In
constructing present progressive tense, the pattern
is subject +is/am/are + present participle.
Present ProgressiveTense
Example:
She is teaching math at now
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary
verb(progressive action)
Iam going to buy some groceries
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary
verb(futuristic action)
VERB ASPECTS AND
TENSES
Future progressive tense denotes action is expected
to happen at a particular time in the future. In
constructing future progressive tense, the pattern is
subject will+be+present participle.
Future ProgressiveTense
Example:
I will be going to a party later
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary verb(future
on-going action)
I will be returning the book in the library
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary verb(future
on-going action)
VERB ASPECTS AND
TENSES
Past perfect tense denotes a duration of action that
was completed at a certain time in the past. It also
describes the action that is preceded at another past
time or events that are expected and hoped for. In
constructing the past perfect progressive, the
pattern is subject + had+ past participle
Past PerfetTense
Example:
I had been a teacher since 2004
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary
verb(preceded another time)
I had imagined that the movie is interesting
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary
verb(expected)
VERB ASPECTS AND
TENSES
Present perfect tense denotes an action that
happened in the past and is completed at the
present. In constructing the present perfect
progressive, the pattern is subject+has/have+ past
participle.
Present PerfetTense
Example:
I have been to different places in the country
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary verb(the
action is done at the time of speaking
I have already read The Lord of the Rings
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary verb(the
action is done at the time of speaking
VERB ASPECTS AND
TENSES
Future perfect tense denotes an action that will be
completed in the future before another action. This
includes the conditionals and actions that will
occur at a determined time. In constructing the
present perfect progressive, the pattern is subject
+will/would have/have past participle
Future PerfetTense
Example:
I will have been promoted had I not transferred
work
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary
verb(conditionals)
VERB ASPECTS AND
TENSES
Past Perfect Progressive denotes an action that is
on-going at the past resulting in another action or
interrupted by earlier actions. In constructing past
perfect progressive form, the pattern is subject +
had + been + present participle.
Pass Perfect Progressive Tense
Example:
The student had been preparing for the
examination
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary verb
I had always been expecting to hear from you
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary verb
VERB ASPECTS AND
TENSES
Present Perfect Progressive denotes an action that
began at a particular time in the past, still going on
at the present, and will possibly continue in the
future. In constructing past perfect progressive the
pattern is subject + has/have + been + present
participle.
PresentPerfect Progressive Tense
Example:
I had been studying my lesson in linguistics
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary verb
You have been using my laptop
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary verb
VERB ASPECTS AND
TENSES
Future Perfect Progressive denotes an action that
is presently happening and will continue in the
future. In constructing past perfect progressive, the
pattern is subject + will + have + been + present
participle.
Future Perfect Progressive Tense
Example:
I will have been staying in this town for years
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary verb (will
continue)
The company will have been operating for a
year
S+Verb phrase begins with auxiliary verb (will
continue)
GROUP ACTIVITY