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    Lec 1 Site Selection

    Uploaded by

    Eric Coluban Alipan
    The document describes procedures for site characterization and selection for crop production. It involves characterizing the bio-physical and socioeconomic environment of the site through soil sampling, climate data collection, vegetation and land feature documentation, and interviews. The results are used to evaluate the site's suitability for identified crops based on factors like soil pH, fertility, climate requirements. A farm plan is then developed outlining land allocation, cropping pattern, budget, and potential problems. Site selection involves matching crop requirements like temperature, water, light, and soil needs to the site's climate, soil properties, and constraints to identify suitable crops.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Lec 1 Site Selection

    Uploaded by

    Eric Coluban Alipan
    68 views26 pages
    The document describes procedures for site characterization and selection for crop production. It involves characterizing the bio-physical and socioeconomic environment of the site through soil sampling, climate data collection, vegetation and land feature documentation, and interviews. The results are used to evaluate the site's suitability for identified crops based on factors like soil pH, fertility, climate requirements. A farm plan is then developed outlining land allocation, cropping pattern, budget, and potential problems. Site selection involves matching crop requirements like temperature, water, light, and soil needs to the site's climate, soil properties, and constraints to identify suitable crops.

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    Lec-1-Site-Selection (1)

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    The document describes procedures for site characterization and selection for crop production. It involves characterizing the bio-physical and socioeconomic environment of the site through soil sampling, climate data collection, vegetation and land feature documentation, and interviews. The results are used to evaluate the site's suitability for identified crops based on factors like soil pH, fertility, climate requirements. A farm plan is then developed outlining land allocation, cropping pattern, budget, and potential problems. Site selection involves matching crop requirements like temperature, water, light, and soil needs to the site's climate, soil properties, and constraints to identify suitable crops.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    68 views26 pages

    Lec 1 Site Selection

    Uploaded by

    Eric Coluban Alipan
    The document describes procedures for site characterization and selection for crop production. It involves characterizing the bio-physical and socioeconomic environment of the site through soil sampling, climate data collection, vegetation and land feature documentation, and interviews. The results are used to evaluate the site's suitability for identified crops based on factors like soil pH, fertility, climate requirements. A farm plan is then developed outlining land allocation, cropping pattern, budget, and potential problems. Site selection involves matching crop requirements like temperature, water, light, and soil needs to the site's climate, soil properties, and constraints to identify suitable crops.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    SITE CHARACTERIZATION

    and SELECTION
    Procedure: Site Characterization

    1. Set objectives

    • Identification of factors that may influence (favor or


    hinder) the successful production of the identified crops

    • Assessment the site suitability or crop suitability

    • Analysis of possible site-crop enterprise relationships

    • Formulation of farm plan --- steps, measures and


    requirements to implement the plan

    • Preparation of farm sketch --- show present and future


    scenarios based on the site analysis and evaluation
    Procedure: Site Characterization

    2. Characterize the bio-physical environment

    • Soil sampling and analysis --- test kit/lab analysis

    • Gathering of secondary climatic data --- nearby agro-


    meteorological stations

    • Documentation of existing vegetation --- actual observation of


    existing species

    • Documentation of land features --- slope, elevation

    • Actual survey and mapping


    Procedure for Site Characterization

    3. Characterize socioeconomic environment

    • Observation and gathering of information --- current


    market prices of inputs/outputs

    • Interview of farmers and their household --- about their


    farming system

    • Interview of key informants (community leaders, elders)


    --- about community history/culture and political
    situation
    Input for Site Evaluation

     Results of site characterization


    serve as an input to site evaluation

     Relationships among factors


    analyzed, evaluated and rated for site’s
    suitability to the identified crop, or the
    chosen crop’s suitability to the given site
    Input for Site Evaluation

    • Crop-environment matching based on scores assigned to certain


    factors and judging the suitability

    • Determination of the land’s capability based on certain factors


    and their combination relative to a pre-determined scale of land
    capabilities

    • Identification of critical factors and their possible influences on


    the proposed crop production enterprise
    Components of a Farm Plan

    • A map showing the land allocation for chosen crop/s

    • Recommended planting scheme and cropping


    pattern

    • Timeline or schedule of activities

    • Budget scheme for the material/input requirements

    • Forecasts of critical factors or potential problems


    during implementation
    Site Selection for Crop Production
    Matching the crop with the location/site for crop production

    KNOW THE CROP KNOW THE SITE

    About the Crop About the Site


     Climatic Requirements  Climate
     Soil Requirements  Soil
     Biological Considerations  Physical
     Socioeconomic/Cultural  Biological
    Considerations  Socioeconomic Conditions
     Environmental Concerns  Other Constraints
     Other Special Requirements

    Cropping Purpose and Intensity


    About the Crop

    Climatic Requirement

    • Temperature --- optimum temperature during


    growing season

    • Water --- total water requirement during cropping

    • Light --- required daylength and degree of shading


    tolerated by the crop

    • Wind --- sensitivity to wind movement or typhoons


    Temperature and Crop Adaptation

    LOW ELEVATION HIGH ELEVATION


    Mean: 3 – 30 oC 13 – 25 oC
    Extremes: 17 – 37 oC

    Warm Season Crops Improved cultivars not


    • Field Crops sensitive to altitude and
    • Fruit Trees low temperatures
    • Vegetables

    Cool Season Crops


    During cold months Cabbage, Broccoli, Cauliflower
    Improved cultivars Peas, Carrot, Potato, Snap bean
    Celery, Lettuce, Calla lily
    Shasta daisy, Dahlia, Carnation
    Improved cultivars not
    Strawberry, Grape, Lychee
    sensitive to high Sweet orange, Tea, Coffee
    temperatures (arabica)
    Water Requirement of Some Crops
    Crop Growing Consumptive
    Period (day) Use (cm)
    Field Crops
    Rice 90-120 72 (WS)
    112 (DS) e.g.
    Cassava 240-356 50-250
    Corn 100 55 Submerged condition  rice, taro
    Mungbean 60-68 41
    Peanut 90-150 50-60 Tolerant to periodic waterlogging 
    Soybean 80-90 53 jute, sorghum
    Sugarcane 300-365 132
    Vegetables Crops Sensitive to waterlogging  papaya,
    Cabbage 70-90 30 durian, rambutan
    Eggplant 90-120 48
    Garlic 90-120 36 Tolerant to drought  sorghum,
    Lettuce 40-50 30 cashew
    Mustard 40-60 41
    Okra 60-90 30
    Onion 90-100 46
    Pechay 40-60 30
    Tomato 80-100 46
    Watermelon 75-95 46
    Crop and Light

    Light Saturation Point --- light intensity where


    photosynthetic activity is at maximum

    Sun-loving Shade-loving Shade-tolerant


    Most field crops Lanzones, Cacao Pineapple, Papaya
    Coffee Mangosteen, Ginger

     65% of  35% of
    ornamental crops ornamental crops
    Crop and Light

    Photoperiodism
    • response to daylength

    Photoperiodic Plants (Short-day; <11 hrs)


    • Some rices (Japonicas, Traditional Indicas)
    • Soybean, Winged bean
    • Pineapple, Kinaf
    • Poinsettia, Chrysanthemum
    • Onion & garlic (bulb formation)
    Crop and Wind

    Normal wind velocity in Phils. = 7.2 km/hr


    Wind Speed Affected Process / Part /
    (km/hr) Structure
    > 30  Pollination
     Inflorescence
     Damage on leaf
    40 – 56  Severe damage on crown
    > 65  Severe damage on whole plant / uprooted

    Crop Characteristic Crop


    Crops sensitive Coconut, Banana, Abaca, Coffee
    to strong wind Cacao, Mango, Rice, Corn
    Most field crops

    Crops resistant Sineguelas (Spondias), Some palms


    to strong wind Pandan, Bamboo
    About the Crop

    Soil Requirement

    • pH --- pH range tolerated by the crop

    • Soil fertility --- specific nutrients needed

    • Adaptation to soil problems --- saline, acid sulfate,


    etc.

    • Texture --- soil texture suited to the crop


    Optimum pH for Some Crops
    CROP OPTIMUM PH RANGE
    Ornamentals 5–7
     Rose
    5.5 – 6.5
     Sampaguita
    8.0 – 9.5
    Vegetables 5 – 7.5
    Plantation Crops 5 – 7.5
     Cacao
    4 – 7.4
     Abaca/Rubber
    4.8 – 8.0
    Fruit Crops 5.0 – 8.0
     Mango
    5.5 – 8.5
     Cashew
     Pineapple 4.2 – 8.2
    4.3- 5 (tolerance)
    Field Crops 5 – 7.5
     Cassava
     Sweet potato
    4.3- 5 (tolerance)
     New strains of corn,
    mungbean, peanut, cowpea
    About the Crop

    Crop and Soil Texture


    Light-Textured Soils
     Root crops
     Asparagus
     Legumes
     Corn

    Crop and Problem Soil


    Poor-Stony Soils Saline Soils Acidic Soils
     Cashew  Cashew  Cashew, Cacao
     Forage legumes  Sorghum  Abaca, Pineapple
     Cassava, Sweet Potato
    Zn, P, Fe Deficiency & Fe, Mn, Al Toxicity  New strains of corn,
     Specific varieties (e. g. rice) selected for mungbean, peanut,
    adaptation cowpea
    About the Crop

    Biological Considerations

    • Resistance/Susceptibility to pests and diseases


    • Cropping patterns in which crop is suited

    Socioeconomic/Cultural Considerations

    • Labor requirement --- whole production system


    • Production volume --- demand and distribution
    About the Crop

    Environmental Concerns
    • Anticipated pesticide use
    • Residue management and waste disposal

    Other Special Requirements

    • Postharvest activities
    • Processing requirement
    About the Crop --- Summary

    Climatic Requirement Soil Requirement


     Temperature  pH
     Water  Soil fertility
     Light  Adaptation to soil problems
     Wind  Texture

    Biological Considerations
     Pest/disease resistance/susceptibility
     Suited cropping pattern

    Socioeconomic/Cultural Considerations
     Labor requirement
     Production volume

    Environmental Concerns Other Special Requirements


     Pesticide use  Postharvest activities
     Residue/waste recycling  Processing requirement
    About the Site

    Climate
    Diurnal & Seasonal Fluctuations in Temperature
     Low night temperatures --- best for fruit development
     Low temperature months --- favors planting of cool season crops

    Rainfall Pattern & Distribution


     Rainfall distribution --- to be matched with crop water requirement
     if irrigation is minimum or limiting

    Typhoon Frequency & Wind Velocity


     Typhoons --- usual occurrence  not synchronized with crop
    critical growth stages
     Wind velocity --- < 30 km/hr  not synchronized with pollination or
    flowering of anticipated crops
    Site Characteristics

    Soil
    Soil Fertility Status
     Organic matter --- indicator of N fertility (>2%)
     Nutrient levels --- limiting?

    Soil Texture
     Sand-silt-clay composition of the soil

    Clay Sandy Loamy


    Fine-textured Coarse-textured Moderately course-textured
    Sticky Light Medium
    High amount of nutrients Low amount of nutrients High amount of nutrients than sandy
    soils
    High water-holding capacity Low water-holding capacity High water-holding capacity than
    sandy soils
    Poor drainage High drainage Better drainage than clayey soil
    High organic matter
    Good for lowland rice Good for root crops Best soil for crop production
    Site Characteristics

    Soil
    Soil pH --- acidity or alkalinity of a soil (1–14 units)
    pH Range Soil Characteristics Nutrient Availability
    3 – 3.9 Strongly acid  High or toxic levels of Al &
    Mn
     Poor structure
     Low microbial activity
    4 – 5.9 Moderately acid  Low levels of Ca, Mg, P & Mo
     Poor structure
     Low microbial activity

    6 – 6.9 Slightly acidic


    7 Neutral
    Best for crop production
    7.1 – 7.5 Slightly alkaline
    7.6 – 8 Alkaline
    >8 Strongly alkaline Low Fe, Mn, Cu & Zn
    Site Characteristics

    Soil
    Soil depth --- soil surface to lower layer of the soil
    • Obstructions below the root zone are: bedrock, gravel, hardpan
    • Water (at least 80 cm)
    • Deep soils --- appropriate for trees and typhoon-prone areas

    Slope --- related to cropping patterns and water management


    About the Site --- Summary

    Climate Soil
    Diurnal/Seasonal fluctuations in temperature  Soil fertility status
    Rainfall pattern and distribution  Soil texture
    Typhoon frequency  Soil pH
    Wind movement and velocity  Soil depth

    Physical Biological
     Water resources  Presence of pests and diseases
     Drainage  Existing cropping patterns/farming system
     Slope  Production practices in the area
     Historical changes in cropping

    Socioeconomic
     Labor/skills availability
     Available infrastructures related to CP Other Constraints to
     Nearness to market and urban areas Productivity
     Supply and demand --- community preference
     Tenurial situation/landholdings
    Thank You

    SITE CHARACTERIZATION
    and SELECTION

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