Sludge Treatment2

EVEN002 SOLID WASTE HANDLING FOR WW TP
COURSE: EVEN002 – ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
AND PROCESSES
SUPERVISORS:PROF. DR. SALAH EL HAGAR
:PROF. DR. MAHMOUD EL KADI
REPORT ON
SOLID WASTE HANDLING FOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANTS
PREPARED BY : KHALIL ABDOU KHALIL

EVEN002 SOLID WASTE HANDLING FOR WW TP
OBJECTIVE:
To introduce different techniques of handling solid waste resulting
from wastewater treatment plants.
Wastewater solid waste (Sludge) treatment is required to reduce water
and organic content . Hence the final treated waste can be safely and
easily disposed or used as a useful product (fertilizer).
EVEN002 SOLID WASTE HANDLING FOR WWTP
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
- INTRODUCTION.
- SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE IN WWTP.
- SOLID WASTE QUANTITIES ESTIMATION IN WWTP.
- SCREENINGS.
- GRIT.
- SLUDGE CHARACTERISTICS.
- SLUDGE TREATMENT TECHNIQUES.
- SLUDGE THICKENING.
- SLUDGE DEWATERING.
- SLUDGE CONDITIONING.
- SLUDGE STABILIZATION.
- SLUDGE DRYING.
- CONCLUSION.
INTRODUCTION:
What is municipal wastewater?
- A combination of the liquid or water – carried wastes removed from residences, commercial and
industrial establishment.
- Sewage: originates from three major sources, washing, food preparation and excretion.
Why to treat wastewater?
- Contains numerous pathogenic (disease-causing) microorganisms.
- It contains nutrients, which can stimulate the growth of aquatic plants.
- If left untreated, the decomposition of the organic materials it contains can lead to the production
of large quantities of malodorous gases.
- Treated wastewater can be discharged back to the ecosystem or used for irrigation (depending
on the quality of water after treatment).
What is the composition of wastewater?

Municipal wastewater contains 99.9% water and 0.1% solids
1000 000 ppm (= 1 m3)

1000 ppm solids
300 ppm suspended solids
999 000
700 ppm dissolved solids
ppm 150 ppm nonsettlable 150 ppm settlable matter
water matter
400ppm 300ppm 50ppm 100ppm 50ppm 100ppm
organic inorganic organic inorganic organic inorganic
Average Composition of Domestic Wastewater mg/l (ppm)
Composition Explanation Range (ppm)

TS Total Solids 700-1000
TDS Total Dissolved Solids 400-700
TSS Total Suspended Solids 180-300
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand 240-420
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand 550-700
N Nitrogen 40-50
P Phosphorus 10-15
Grease ------------ 90-110
SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE IN

WWTP:
1- SCREENS: Removes gross pollutants from the waste stream to
protect downstream operations and equipment from
damage.
2- Grit removal tanks: Grit should be removed to prevent unnecessary

abrasion and wear of mechanical equipment, grit deposition in
pipelines and channels and the accumulation of grit in treatment
units.
3- Primary Settling Tanks: Removes particles having a higher specific

gravity than the liquid.
Primary
Sludge
4- Final Settling Tanks: Based on the preceding biological reactor a

ratio from 70 to 95% of the organic loads in WW stream are settled in
the final settling tanks.
Very similar to primary settling tanks but primary settling tanks can be
either circular or rectangular, while final settling tanks are usually
circular (because of the higher settling efficiency in circular tanks).
- Solid Waste Quantities Estimation:
Waste Solid Guides in Egyptian Guides in Other

Code for Quantity References (Metcalf &
Estimation Eddy)
Screenings 20 lit / 1000 m3 Average 15 lit / 1000 m3
Grit 100 – 250 lit / 1000 m3 4 – 200 lit / 1000 m3
Primary Sludge SS removal 50 – 70 % SS removal 50 – 70 %

BOD removal 30 – 40 % BOD removal 30 – 40 %
Waste Activated Removal Efficiency 85 – 95% Removal Efficiency 85 – 95% of
Sludge* of influent BOD influent BOD
* Values for BOD removal efficiency are for the conventional

activated sludge treatment system.
* Excess sludge production equation (As listed in the Egyptian code
& other references):
Or Mw = aF – bM
Where: Mw = Excess solids produced (kg/day)
F = BOD removed = Q (BODin – BODout) (kg/day)
a = constant = 0.7.
b= constant = 0.075
M = V*MLSS = Reactor volume * Main liquor suspended solids
Example for Calculating solid waste quantities in WWTP:

Influent Data:
Q = 100’000 m3/day
BODin = 400 ppm
SS = 300 ppm
- Waste water treatment plant is a conventional activated sludge plant.
1- Screenings
VS = 20 * 100000/ 1000 = 2000 lit / day = 2 m3/day
2- Grit
Vg = 200 * 100000/1000 = 20000 lit / day = 20 m3/day
3- Primary sludge (50 – 70 % SS removal – Assume 50%)

SS in = 300 ppm SS out = 150 ppm SS removed = 150 ppm
Primary sludge quantity = 100000 * 150/1000 = 15000 kg/day
Sludge concentration 1 – 4% --- assume 2%
Q (sludge) = 15000 *100 / (2*1000) = 750 m3/day
(To prepare for WAS calculation – BOD out from primary settling tank should
be known. (BOD removal 30 -40% - Assume 35%)
BOD in = 400 ppm BOD removed = 140 ppm BOD out = 260 ppm
4- Waste Activated Sludge:

(BOD removal efficiency 85 – 95% ---- Assume 85%)
BOD in = 260 ppm BOD removed = 221 ppm BOD out = 39 ppm
Rough Estimation for Sludge produced in final settling tank:
WAS Quantity = 100000 * 221/1000 = 22100 kg/day

Sludge concentration 0.5 – 1.5 % --- assume 1%
Q (WAS) = 2210 m3/day
Screenings:-
-For screenings disposal landfill is an appropriate solution.
- In small WWTP screenings may be disposed of by burial on the plant site.
For easier and more reliable disposal of screenings wash presses may be
used:
Advantages of wash presses:

-Reduce screening volume (easier
transportation).
- The washing process reduces the
organic content is screening (preventing
attraction of any insects (or rodents) and
preventing any disagreeable odors.
Comminution:- (Note listed in the Egyptian Code)

In the contrary to screening where gross pollutants are removed from
wastewater stream and handled separately, Comminuting is to cut up
the solids and leave it to be handled in the downstream process.
Disadvantages of comminuting devices:

-Adversely affected by grit ( Wear on the cutting surfaces and mechanisms).
-Provisions must be made to bypass comminutors in case flows exceed the
capacity of comminutor or in case of power failure.
Grit:-
- Again For grit disposal landfill is an appropriate solution.
Before final disposal of grit simple process should be applied:

- Grit classifying (dewatering).
- Grit washing.
Grit Classifier
solid matter (grit) settles in the

screw conveyor channel on the
bottom of the basin. From there
the grit is transported via the
screw into a container for
disposal.
Grit Washer / Classifier
Influent flow enters the unit

tangentially, creating centrifugal forces
that allow water and lightweight organics
to discharge over an upper weir plate.
Grit and heavier materials settle to the
lower conical shaped grit zone where
they are gently agitated by mixer arms
and washed.
From there the grit is transported via the
screw into a container for disposal.
Sand Silo
Sand silos are widely used in Egypt for sand classifying.

They rely on centrifugal forces to achieve separation.
Sludge Characteristics:
Sludge Color Solids Concentration

% dry Solids
Range Typical
Primary Sludge* Grey 3 - 10 4
Activated Sludge* Brown 0.5 – 1.5 0.75
Trickling filter sludge Brownish 3 - 10 5
Gravity thickened ------ 3 - 10 4
sludge**
Digested Sludge Brown to dark 1.5 - 4 2.5
(aerobic)** brown
Digested Sludge Dark brown to 2.5 – 7 3.5
(anaerobic)** black
*Figures in table are based on a conventional activated sludge
process (Primary settling )
** Figures in table are based mixed sludge (primary + activated
sludge)
Sludge Treatment Techniques:
Why sludge treatment is necessary?
1- Sludge is composed of the substances responsible for the offensive

character of untreated wastewater. (Concentrated pollutant).
2- Organic matter in sludge is not stable and will decompose and become
offensive.
3- Only a small part of the sludge is solid matter. (Solid concentration of
sludge before thickening is about 2%)
In the numerical example detailed earlier 37.1 ton/day of solids are
contained in 2960 m3/day sludge .
Therefore, the main purpose of sludge treatment is to reduce the water and
organic content of sludge.
Sludge Treatment Methods
Method Purpose Solids%

Thickening Concentrate sludge and reduce water content to 4%
minimize sludge volume. (reduce tank sizes in
next units & chemicals required for conditioning.
Dewatering Further reduction in water content. 20 – 40%
-Reduces cost of transportation.
-Sludge becomes easier to handle.
-Required before final disposal (incineration or
landfill).
-Eliminate odors.
Conditioning To improve dewatering characteristics (specially ----
with mechanical dewatering systems)
Stabilization -To reduce pathogens. 10%
- Inhibit, reduce or eliminate putrefaction.
- Eliminate offensive odors.
Drying - To further reduce water content by heating. 90%
-Required if fertilizer manufacturing is considered.
-Prevents biological action.
Sludge Thickening:
1- Gravity Thickening:
Sludge fed into a tank (thickener), where it remains for a lengthy retention
time so that the sludge is compacted. The sludge is extracted from the
bottom, while the supernatant liquid is drawn off the top.
Design Criteria: (Egyptian Code)
Retention Time : 1 – 2 days

Solids loading :
-Primary sludge only (98 – 147 kg/m2/day)
-Trickling filter sludge (49 – 59 kg/m2/day)
- Activated sludge only from final settling tanks (20 – 30 kg/m 2/day)
-Mixed primary + activated sludge (49 – 59 kg/m2.day)
- Sludge concentration after thickening : 4%
Water Depth : 2.5 - 3.5 mt.
Numerical Example:
Sludge Quantities: Primary sludge 15 ton/day 750 m 3/day
Activated sludge 22.1 ton/day 2210 m3/day
-Total flow rate = 2960 m3/day
-Total solids = 37.1 ton /day
- Assume thickener retention time = 1.5 day  Thickener required volume =
4440 m3
- Assume depth = 3.5 mt.  Area = 4440/3.5 = 1268.57 m2
- 2 thickeners with diameter 28.5 mt. shall be required.
-Solid loading check = 37100/1268.57 = 29.24 kg/m2.day. This value is lower

than expected (49 – 59 kg/m2.day) but this justified because the major portion
of sludge is activated sludge.
-Calculating sludge & supernatant flows after thickening:

-Inlet condition: Total solids= 37.1 ton /day Total flow rate=2960 m 3/day
-Exit condition: Total solids= 37.1 ton /day Solid Conc. = 4%
Sludge flow rate of sludge = 927.5 m3/day
Supernatant flow rate = 2960 – 927.5 = 2032.5 m 3/day
Water content is reduced by more than 65% through thickening only.
2- Floatation Thickening:
Static thickening by settling is not very effective when applied to highly
organic sludge, such as activated sludge, or other colloidal sludge, such as
hydroxide sludge.
Thickening by flotation offers some significant advantages:

-reduced surface area and volume of the thickening units.
-production of more concentrated thickened sludge.
As opposed to settling, flotation is a separation procedure which is applied to

particles whose density is lower than that of the liquid they are in.
- If the difference in density is naturally sufficient for separation, this type
of flotation is called natural.
- Aided flotation occurs when external means are used to promote the
separation of particles that are naturally floatable
- Induced flotation occurs when the density of the particle is originally
higher than that of the liquid and is artificially lowered. This is based on the
capacity for certain solid and liquid particles to link up with gas (usually air)
bubbles .This results in particles with a density less than that of the liquid.
3- Mechanical Thickening:
a- Centrifuge thickening.
b- Filter press thickening.
c- Belt press thickening
[ Equipment shall be discussed later as dewatering techniques].
Sludge Dewatering:
1- Drying Beds:
Sludge is placed on beds in a 150 to 300 mm layer and allowed to dry.
Dewatering is achieved through drainage & evaporation.
Advantage of drying beds:

-Very simple in operation (No skilled labors required).
-Running costs are minimum.
- Can achieve solid concentration 20 – 40% (but depending on weather
conditions).
Disadvantage of drying beds:

-Requires large land areas.
-Initial cost is significant (concrete construction & piping).
-Depends on weather conditions.
-Odor problems.
Design Criteria: (Egyptian Code)
Thickness of sludge layer : 10 – 15 cm

Retention time for each layer : 4 days
Area Factor :2
Example:
Inputs
- Total solids= 37.1 ton /day Solid Conc. = 4%
-Sludge flow rate of sludge = 927.5 m3/day
Sludge volume in 4 days = 927.5 * 4 = 3710 m3

Area required for beds = 3710 / 0.15 = 24733.33 m2
Total area = Calculated area * area factor = 49466 m2
Sludge output shall be 20% solid conc.

-Sludge volume = 185.5 m3/day
- Filtrate flow = 927.5 – 185.5 = 742 m3/day
2- Mechanical Dewatering:
a- Centrifuges:
Dewatering by centrifugal action.
Design Variables are:

-Sludge characteristics.
- Rotational speeds (of both bowl and scroll).
-Hydraulic loading.
-Depth of liquid pool in the bowl.
-Use of polyelectrolyte to improve performance.
Advantage of centrifuge dewatering:

- Dewatering in compact enclosed premises to reduce smells and
keep deodorization costs to a minimum.
-Effective separation of solids on very difficult sludge (low concentration).
Disadvantage of centrifuge dewatering:

-Noise problems.
-Very high consumed power (high running cost).
-Requires intensive maintenance (high running cost).
- Requires very skilled labors.
- relative sensitivity to sudden variations in quality and concentration of
sludge.
b- Filter Presses:
Filtration is carried out by filter presses allowing very high pressures to
be applied to the cake (5 to 15 bar and sometimes more).
This enables cake DS content to achieve levels of more than 30% on most
properly conditioned sludges.
Description:
A filter comprises a set of vertical, recessed plates (1), pressed hard against
each other by (a) hydraulic jack(s) (2) at one end of the set.
This vertical plate layout forms watertight (3) filtration chambers allowing
easy mechanization for the discharge of cakes (filter opening).
Finely or tightly meshed (10 to 300 µm) filter cloths (4) are applied to the two
grooved surfaces of these plates.
The sludge to be filtered arrives (5) under pressure in the filtration chambers
through orifices (6) generally in the centre of the plates. The alignment of
these orifices serves as a feed passage for the sludge.
Central feed allows even distribution of flow, pressure and better drainage of
sludge within the chamber.
The filtrate is collected in the grooves at the rear of the filtration support and
carried away by internal ducts (7). This form of evacuation reduces odors .
Advantage of filter press dewatering:

- Suitable for all types of sludge.
-Running costs and maintenance problems are less than those of
centrifuges.
Disadvantage of filter press dewatering:
-Requires relatively skilled labors.
-Odor problems.
-Larger foot print than centrifuge.
C- Belt Presses:
The size of flocs obtained by polyelectrolyte conditioning has resulted in the
development of dewatering devices specifically adapted to the treatment of
waste sludge.
Advantages of belt presses
-Ease of use and good visual control during dewatering.
- Low operating and reasonable investment costs.
- Continuous process.
-Simplicity of mechanical design.
Depending on dewatering capacities of sludge, these filters allow
optimization of investments. Furthermore, they represent an almost all-
purpose energy-saving process:
belt filter: 10-25 kWh.t-1 of SS,
conventional filter press: 20-40 kWh.t-1 of SS,
centrifuge: 30-60 kWh.t-1 of SS,
vacuum filter: 50-150 kWh.t-1 of SS.
Description:
- The sludge, which is of sufficient consistency, is trapped between two filter
belts which form a wedge. They gradually compress the sludge. The
"sandwich" rolls around the perforated drums and then around rollers laid out
in a staggered formation.
Efficiency of dewatering depends on both the effective pressure applied on

the sludge sandwich and pressing time.
d- Vacuum Presses:
This is the oldest continuous mechanical dewatering technique and currently
has limited applications. The vacuum filters most commonly used to drain
waste sludge are of the rotary drum.
The filtration cycle is as follows:
a - Submerged part of the drum: with the vacuum effect, sludge accumulates
on the cloth and forms the cake which gradually thickens. Filtration time is 1
to 2 minutes.
b - Upper part of the drum: the moist cake layer leaves the tank, and under
vacuum conditions, is drained for a few minutes to form a cake of sufficient
cohesion (or even cracked).
c - Discharge of cake: after an almost complete rotation cycle, the
compartments leave vacuum conditions. Up until then the filter cloth has
been applied to the drum. At this stage, the cloth detaches to enable
separation and discharge of the cake. The filtration support is then washed
with pressurized water.
Disadvantages:
-Relatively complicated and requires maintenance and skilled labor.
-Capital and running costs are high.
Sludge Conditioning:
To ensure that all dewatering equipment is optimally used, sludge has to be
flocculated, to artificially increase the size of particles.
Conditioning may be based on physical procedures (mainly thermal), but
chemical alternatives are more widely used (addition of inorganic reagents or
synthetic polymers).
Adequate sludge conditioning is the key factor for optimum operation of
the dewatering unit.
A- Chemical Conditioning:
A1 – Inorganic Reagents:
Inorganic reagents are better adapted for dewatering by filter presses or
vacuum filters. These are systems using surface filtration through a cake
undergoing formation. The filtering support consists of a finely meshed
cloth (usually less than 100-200 µm).
These inorganic reagents lead to the formation of fine, but mechanically
stable flocs.
Fe 3+ is by far the most effective and most frequently used ion on organic
sludge. (FeCl3 is generally used.)
These electrolytes have a dual action:

- coagulating action: their charge is often opposite to that of sludge particles,
-flocculating action: formation of hydrated hydroxide compounds such as
[Fe(H2O)6- (OH)3]n, which act as inorganic polymers.
A2 – Organic Reagents:
- Polyelectrolyte produce extremely well-defined flocculation by formation of
bridges between particles as a result of long branched chains.
- Flocculation is reinforced by a coagulating action when cationic polymers are
used.
-Results in increasing in the sludge compressibility coefficient.
The structure of flocs obtained has (by polyelectrolyte) enabled:

-The development of filters incorporating a large-mesh cloth support (0.4 to 1
mm) which is less likely to become clogged. An example is the belt filter.
-Significant improvement in the performance of continuous centrifuges owing
to distinct increase in the density of gathered particles.
B-Thermal Conditioning:
The bond between water and colloidal matter can also be broken by
thermal methods and especially by raising the temperature of sludge.
The increase to a sufficiently high temperature results in the physical
structure of the sludge being irreversibly transformed, especially if it
contains a high proportion of organic and colloidal matter.
Heating takes place at a temperature varying from 150 to 200°C with
a heating time from 30 to 60 minutes.
Disadvantage of thermal conditioning:

- Recycling of thermal liquors.
- Production of odors.
- Periodic cleaning of heat exchanger surfaces.
- Very high capital and running cost.
Sludge Stabilization:
Only sludge with a high content of rapidly biodegradable matter undergoes the
stabilization process, i.e.:
-primary sludge.
-sludge from medium-and high-rate aerobic biological treatments-excess
activated sludge, trickling filter sludge.
A- Anaerobic Digestion:
Also known as methane fermentation is one of the most powerful means of
destroying cells known to biology and also removes substantial quantities of
organic matter.
because of ITS inherent energy saving and efficiency and low chemical
requirement: Anaerobic digestion process is the most widely selected
process.
Two main criteria are used to measure sludge stability following stab. Include:
volatile solid content and reduction of pathogen.
Anaerobic Bacteria MPB is active mesophilic (27 – 43) and thermophilic ( 45 – 65).
Most An. Di. are operated in mesophilic range.
PROCESS DESIGN :
The most important factors controlling the design and operation of An. Di. are:
Tank design, The cylindrical are the most common. Dia. = 6 – 40 m., Depth = 7 –
14 m.
Di. Capacity, (Based on retention time & volumetric loading).
Di. heating and Temp. control :the optimum temp. is 35 C. it is important to
maintain proper temp. by heating incoming sludge and Di. content. The total
amount of input heat should balance heat loses from Di. the heat losses from Di.
walls, floor, roof, piping,….
Mixing Anaerobic D. must be mixed properly to provide optimum performance.
Mixing has the following beneficial effects: (1) maintain intimate contact between
feed sludge and active biomass, (2) create physical, chemical and biological
uniformity throughout the Di., (3) prevent surface scum. The mixing occurs by the
rise of the sludge gas bubbles and the thermal convection current created by the
heated sludge. However, natural mixing is not enough, additional mixing is
needed. Methods of mixing include external pump circulation, internal mechanical
mixing.
Gas production and utilization (0.75 – 1.12 m3 / Kg of volatile solids reduced)
Sludge characteristics (Volatile solid content in sludge).
Disadvantages of An. Di.:

-Complex system (Digesters, Boilers, Heat exchangers, Gas holder & flares,
with related piping and mechanical equipment).
-Very skilled labors required.
- Capital costs are high.
B- AEROBIC DIGESTOR
It is common for small plants. The process involves aeration of sludge for an
extended period in open tanks. The process involves direct oxidation of
biodegradable matter and oxidation of microbial material. Stabilization is not
complete until there has been an extended period ( 10 – 20 d) . The digested
sludge is commonly dried on sand drying beds.
Advantages:
Simple to operate
Low capital cost
Digested sludge is odorless
Disadvantage:
Not suitable for primary sludge treatment
High operating costs
The important design considerations are:
air or oxygen requirements
aeration period
temp.
biodegradable volatile solids
usually 15 days retention time is suggested. Oxygen can vary from 3 – 30

mg/h/gm VSS.
Sludge Drying:
Drying, a term generally reserved for thermal drying, comprises
evaporative removal of water in sludge. Drying can be partial (residual
water content from 30 to 10%) or practically total (water content from 5 to
10%).
The high costs involved in thermal energy lead to limited use of these
processes of direct removal of liquid sludge.
Example of a thermal dryer:

The triple-pass drum has three concentric cylinders, and one joint axis. As
the drum turns slowly, the sludge moves forward in the air stream, from
the inner cylinder to the one in the centre and finally into the outer
cylinder. In the process, the granulate will also roll, and this movement
contributes to the formation of stable, globular granulate. The outer,
insulated cylinder takes up the heat from the two inner ones, and thus the
heat loss in the drying drum is minimal.
Water evaporates from the pre-formed pellets in the rotating triple-pass
drum. The air stream and the drum rotation cause the material to move
and remain inside the drum until it is sufficiently dry (and light) for
pneumatic discharge.
The drier is not the only components of a drying or incineration plant. The
main units are as follows:
The sludge feeder
The drier proper the ventilation system(s)
The heat recovery unit(s) often necessary
Auxiliary heat source
The drying unit control facility: temperatures, negative-positive.
Dust Control system in outgases.
Alternatives of sludge dryers:

Paddle Dryer.
Conclusion:
Solid waste handling for wastewater treatment plant involves many varieties
of techniques and products.
In order to Select the best suitable treatment process to achieve a certain
final sludge quality engineering analysis should take into account:
- Available land area for project.
- Climatic conditions.
- Labor skills available.
- Capital and running costs for various alternatives.

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EVEN002 SOLID WASTE HANDLING FOR WW TP

COURSE: EVEN002 – ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS

PREPARED BY : KHALIL ABDOU KHALIL

What is the composition of wastewater?

1000 000 ppm (= 1 m3)

Average Composition of Domestic Wastewater mg/l (ppm)

Composition Explanation Range (ppm)

SOURCES OF SOLID WASTE IN

2- Grit removal tanks: Grit should be removed to prevent unnecessary

3- Primary Settling Tanks: Removes particles having a higher specific

4- Final Settling Tanks: Based on the preceding biological reactor a

- Solid Waste Quantities Estimation:

Waste Solid Guides in Egyptian Guides in Other

Grit 100 – 250 lit / 1000 m3 4 – 200 lit / 1000 m3

Primary Sludge SS removal 50 – 70 % SS removal 50 – 70 %

* Values for BOD removal efficiency are for the conventional

Example for Calculating solid waste quantities in WWTP:

3- Primary sludge (50 – 70 % SS removal – Assume 50%)

4- Waste Activated Sludge:

WAS Quantity = 100000 * 221/1000 = 22100 kg/day

Advantages of wash presses:

Comminution:- (Note listed in the Egyptian Code)

Disadvantages of comminuting devices:

Before final disposal of grit simple process should be applied:

solid matter (grit) settles in the

Grit Washer / Classifier

Influent flow enters the unit

Sand silos are widely used in Egypt for sand classifying.

Sludge Color Solids Concentration

Sludge Treatment Techniques:

Why sludge treatment is necessary?

1- Sludge is composed of the substances responsible for the offensive

Sludge Treatment Methods

Method Purpose Solids%

Design Criteria: (Egyptian Code)

Retention Time : 1 – 2 days

-Solid loading check = 37100/1268.57 = 29.24 kg/m2.day. This value is lower

-Calculating sludge & supernatant flows after thickening:

Thickening by flotation offers some significant advantages:

As opposed to settling, flotation is a separation procedure which is applied to

Advantage of drying beds:

Disadvantage of drying beds:

Design Criteria: (Egyptian Code)

Thickness of sludge layer : 10 – 15 cm

Sludge volume in 4 days = 927.5 * 4 = 3710 m3

Sludge output shall be 20% solid conc.

Design Variables are:

Advantage of centrifuge dewatering:

Disadvantage of centrifuge dewatering:

Advantage of filter press dewatering:

Efficiency of dewatering depends on both the effective pressure applied on

These electrolytes have a dual action:

The structure of flocs obtained has (by polyelectrolyte) enabled:

Disadvantage of thermal conditioning:

Disadvantages of An. Di.:

usually 15 days retention time is suggested. Oxygen can vary from 3 – 30

Example of a thermal dryer:

Alternatives of sludge dryers:

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