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    Wave Optics - Satyam Singh

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    sahuamu9
    This document discusses key concepts in wave optics, including: 1. Huygens' principle which states that each point on a wavefront acts as a new source of disturbance and the new wavefront is the envelope of all secondary wavelets. 2. Interference of waves which is the redistribution of energy that occurs when two waves interact due to their superposition. 3. Diffraction, the phenomenon of light bending around obstacles and within shadows, which is demonstrated using single-slit diffraction. 4. Polarization of light waves, where vibrations can be considered as having rectangular components, and polarized light follows Malus' law regarding transmitted intensity.

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    Wave Optics - Satyam Singh

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    sahuamu9
    11 views30 pages
    This document discusses key concepts in wave optics, including: 1. Huygens' principle which states that each point on a wavefront acts as a new source of disturbance and the new wavefront is the envelope of all secondary wavelets. 2. Interference of waves which is the redistribution of energy that occurs when two waves interact due to their superposition. 3. Diffraction, the phenomenon of light bending around obstacles and within shadows, which is demonstrated using single-slit diffraction. 4. Polarization of light waves, where vibrations can be considered as having rectangular components, and polarized light follows Malus' law regarding transmitted intensity.

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    Wave_Optics.Satyam_Singh[1]

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    This document discusses key concepts in wave optics, including: 1. Huygens' principle which states that each point on a wavefront acts as a new source of disturbance and the new wavefront is the envelope of all secondary wavelets. 2. Interference of waves which is the redistribution of energy that occurs when two waves interact due to their superposition. 3. Diffraction, the phenomenon of light bending around obstacles and within shadows, which is demonstrated using single-slit diffraction. 4. Polarization of light waves, where vibrations can be considered as having rectangular components, and polarized light follows Malus' law regarding transmitted intensity.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    11 views30 pages

    Wave Optics - Satyam Singh

    Uploaded by

    sahuamu9
    This document discusses key concepts in wave optics, including: 1. Huygens' principle which states that each point on a wavefront acts as a new source of disturbance and the new wavefront is the envelope of all secondary wavelets. 2. Interference of waves which is the redistribution of energy that occurs when two waves interact due to their superposition. 3. Diffraction, the phenomenon of light bending around obstacles and within shadows, which is demonstrated using single-slit diffraction. 4. Polarization of light waves, where vibrations can be considered as having rectangular components, and polarized light follows Malus' law regarding transmitted intensity.

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    WAVE OPTICS

    Why Do We Study Wave Optics?

    Newton couldn't explain


    the-
    o Interference of Light
    o Polarisation of Light
    o Diffraction of Light
    In 1850 it was
    experimentally concluded
    by "Focault" that-
    Speed of light is

    Air > Water


    Huygen's Principal

    1. Each point on a wavefront acts as a fresh source of disturbance of light.


    2. The new wavefront at any time later is obtained by taking the forward envelope
    of all the secondary wavelets at that time.

    ▪ Note: Backward wavefront is rejected. Why?

    ▪ Amplitude of secondary wavelet is proportional to ½ (1+cosθ). Obviously, for


    the backward wavelet θ = 180° and (1+cosθ) is 0.
    WaveFront-
    ▪ A wavelet is the point of disturbance due to propagation of light.
    ▪ A wavefront is the locus of points (wavelets) having the same phase
    of oscillations.
    ▪ A line perpendicular to a wavefront is called a ‘ray’.

    ▪ TYPE OF

    WAVEFRONT
     Laws of Reflection at a Plane Surface (On
    Huygens’ Principle):
     Laws of Reflection at a Plane Surface
    (On Huygens’ Principle):
     Behaviour of a Plane Wavefront in a Concave Mirror,
    Convex Mirror, Convex Lens, Concave Lens and Prism:
    ▪ Coherent Sources:
    ▪ Coherent Sources of light are those sources of light which emit light waves
    of same wavelength, same frequency and in same phase or having
    constant phase difference.
    ▪ Coherent sources can be produced by two methods:
    1. By division of wavefront (Young’s Double Slit Experiment, Fresnel’s Biprism and
    Lloyd’s Mirror)
    2. By division of amplitude (Partial reflection or refraction)
     Interference Of Wave-
    ▪ The phenomenon of one wave interfering with another and the
    resulting redistribution of energy in the space around the two sources of
    disturbance is called interference of waves.
    Young’s Double Slit Experiment:
     Diffraction of light:

    ▪ The phenomenon of bending of light around the corners and the


    encroachment of light within the geometrical shadow of the
    opaque obstacles is called diffraction
    1. Diffraction of light at a single slit:

    ▪ The wavelets from the


    single wavefront reach the
    centre O on the screen in
    same phase and hence
    interfere constructively to
    give Central or Primary
    Maximum (Bright fringe).
    2. At an angle of diffraction θ = θ1:
    3. At an angle of diffraction θ = θ2:
    4. At an angle of diffraction θ = θ1’:
    5. Diffraction at various angles:
     Fresnel’s Distance:
     Polarisation of Transverse Mechanical Waves:
     Polarisation of Light Waves:

    ▪ In natural light, millions of


    transverse vibrations occur in all
    the directions perpendicular to
    the direction of propagation of
    wave. But for convenience, we
    can assume the rectangular
    components of the vibrations
    with one component lying on
    the plane of the diagram and the
    other perpendicular to the plane
    of the diagram.
     Malus’ Law:

    ▪ When a beam of plane polarised light is incident on an analyser,


    the intensity I of light transmitted from the analyser varies
    directly as the square of the cosine of the angle θ between the
    planes of transmission of analyser and polariser.
    I α cos2 θ
     Polarisation by Reflection and Brewster’s Law:

    ▪ The incident light wave is made of


    parallel vibrations (π – components) on
    the plane of incidence and perpendicular
    vibrations (σ – components :
    perpendicular to plane of incidence).
    ▪ At a particular angle θP, the parallel
    components completely refracted
    whereas the perpendicular components
    partially get refracted and partially get
    reflected.
    ▪ i.e. the reflected components are all in
    perpendicular plane of vibration and
    hence plane polarised.
    ▪ The intensity of transmitted light
    through the medium is greater than
    that of plane polarised (reflected) light.
    The end

    This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

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