What are Atoms?

∙ Atoms are the simplest and smallest

particle composed of protons, electrons, and
neutrons.

∙ The number of protons in the nucleus of an

atom is equal to its atomic number.

∙ Normally, the number of protons equals the

number of electrons.

The Atom’s Family

Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
∙ A proton is a positively charged particle inside the nucleus.

∙ A neutron is a neutral particle also inside the nucleus.

∙ An electron is a negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus.

What is the Periodic Table of
Elements?
∙ Elements are substances that cannot be broken down any
further by chemical means. There are over 100!

∙ The Periodic Table is the arrangement of these elements by

increasing atomic number and similar properties.
Elements
∙ Each element on the Periodic Table has an
atomic number, symbol, name and average
atomic mass.
∙ Atomic number – the number of protons found
in the nucleus of an atom.
∙ Average atomic mass – the mass of an atom
including the protons, neutrons and electrons.
How do you read the
PERIODIC TABLE?
What is the ATOMIC NUMBER?

oThe number of
protons found in the
nucleus of an atom
Or
oThe number of
electrons
surrounding the
What is the SYMBOL?

oAn abbreviation of
the element name.
What is the ATOMIC WEIGHT?

oThe number of
protons and neutrons
in the nucleus of an
atom.
How do I find the number of
protons, electrons, and neutrons in
an element using the periodic table?

o# of PROTONS = ATOMIC NUMBER

o# of ELECTRONS = ATOMIC NUMBER

o# of NEUTRONS = ATOMIC _ ATOMIC

WEIGHT NUMBER
13.1
Describe the Periodic Table as an
arrangement of elements in periods and
groups and in order of increasing proton
number/atomic number
Valence Electrons

∙ Valence electrons are

the electrons in the
outer energy level of
an atom.
∙ These are the
electrons that are
transferred or shared
when atoms bond
together.
Rows are called “Periods”
• Periods = rows
• From left to right
• What do elements in a row
have in common?
– the same number of electron
shells
• Every element in Period 1
(1st row) has 1 shell for its
electrons (H & He)
• All of the elements in period
2 have two shells for their
electrons.
• It continues like this all the
way down the table
Columns are called “Groups” or Families
• Column = group = families
• What do elements in a group have in common?
– same number of valence electrons (electrons in the
outer shell)
• They share similar characteristics with the other
elements in their family.
• Group 1: 1 valence electron
• Group 2: 2 valence electrons
• Group 13: 3 valence electrons
• Group 14: 4 valence electrons
• Group 15: 5 valence electrons
• Group 16: 6 valence electrons
• Group 17: 7 valence electrons
• Group 18: 8 valence electrons except He who has 2
13.2
Describe the change from metallic to
non-metallic character across a period
 Properties of Metals
∙ Good conductors of heat and
electricity
∙ Shiny.
∙ Ductile (can be stretched into
thin wires)
∙ Malleable (can be pounded into
thin sheets)
∙ A chemical property of metal is
its reaction with water which
results in corrosion.
Properties of Non-Metals

∙ Poor conductors of heat and

electricity
∙ Not ductile or malleable
∙ Brittle and break easily
∙ Dull
∙ Many non-metals are gases.

Sulfur
Properties of Metalloids

∙ Have properties of both metals

and non-metals
∙ Solids that can be shiny or dull.
∙ Conduct heat and electricity
better than non-metals but not
as well as metals.
∙ They are ductile and malleable.

Silicon
Region: Metals
Region: Metalloids
Region: Nonmetals
 ∙ Electronegativity increases as we move from left to right in a period,
∙ Ionization energy decreases,
∙ tendency to obtain electrons increases,
∙ resulting in a decrease in metallic character and
∙ increase in non-metallic character.

∙ Metals have the ability to easily give up electrons.

∙ They are good conductors of heat and electricity because their valence electrons are free to
move.
∙ Non-metals are found on the upper right side of the period table.
∙ Non-metals have high ionization energy, high electron affinity, and high electronegativity.
13.3
Describe the relationship between group
number and the charge of the ions
formed from elements in that group
- Elements that belong to the same main group (vertical column) on the periodic table form
ions with the same charge because they have the same number of valence electrons
13.4
Explain similarities in the chemical
properties of elements in the same group
of the Periodic Table in terms of their
electronic configuration
-The elements in the same group have similar chemical properties
because they have the same valence shell electron configuration.
13.5
Explain how the position of an element
in the Periodic Table can be used to
predict its properties

13.6
Identify trends in groups, given
information about the elements
1 Describe the Group I alkali metals, lithium, sodium and potassium, as
relatively soft metals with general trends down the group, limited to:
(a) decreasing melting point
(b) increasing density
(c) increasing reactivity

2 Predict the properties of other elements in Group I, given information

about the elements
 Group1: Alkalai Metals
• 1 valence electron

• Very Reactive
Alkali Metals
∙ Elements in Group 1 (not including Hydrogen).

∙ Very reactive metals. Always combine with something

else in nature.

∙ Salt – an Alkali Metal,

Sodium, and another
element, Chlorine,
combined.
What does it mean to be reactive?
∙ We will be describing elements according to their reactivity.
∙ Elements that are reactive bond easily with other elements to
make compounds.
∙ Some elements are only found in nature bonded with other
elements.
∙ What makes an element reactive?
An incomplete valence electron level.
All atoms (except hydrogen) want to have 8 electrons in their very
outermost energy level (This is called the rule of octet.)
Atoms bond until this level is complete. Atoms with few valence electrons
lose them during bonding. Atoms with 6, 7, or 8 valence electrons gain
electrons during bonding.
5
 Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals
• 2 valence electrons
• Very reactive, but less
than alkali metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
∙ Elements in Group 2.

∙ Reactive Metals that are always

combined with non-metals in
nature.

∙ Several of these elements are

important mineral nutrients, like
Calcium.
 Groups 3 – 12: Transition Metals
• 1-2 valence electrons
• Less reactive than alkaline earth
metals because they don’t give
away their electrons as easily
• Bottom 2 row are the Lanthanide
& Actinide series
 Transition Metals

∙ Elements in Groups 3-12.

∙ Less reactive, harder metals.

∙ Includes metals used in jewelry, money and construction.

Boron Family
∙ Elements in Group 13.

∙ Boron has properties of both metals and non-metals.

∙ The rest of the elements in this group are metals.

Carbon Family
∙ Elements in Group 14.
∙ Contains elements important to life and computers.
∙ Carbon is the basic element in all organic compounds.
∙ Silicon and
Germanium are
important
semiconductors.
Nitrogen Family
∙ Elements in Group 15.

∙ Nitrogen makes up more than ¾ of our atmosphere.

∙ The red tip of matches is made of phosphorous.

Oxygen Family or Chalcogens
∙ Elements in Group 16.

∙ Oxygen is necessary for respiration.

∙ Many things that have a bad odor contain sulfur.

∙ Lanthanide Series:
shiny reactive metals
Most found in nature

∙ Actinides Series:
radioactive and unstable
Most are man-made &
not stable in nature
∙ Core 1 Describe the Group VII halogens, chlorine, bromine and iodine, as
diatomic non-metals with general trends down the group, limited to:

∙ (a) increasing density

∙ (b) decreasing reactivity

∙ 2 State the appearance of the halogens at r.t.p. as:

(a) chlorine, a pale yellow-green gas
(b) (b) bromine, a red-brown liquid
(c) (c) iodine, a grey-black solid
3 Describe and explain the displacement reactions of halogens with other
halide ions 4 Predict the properties of other elements in Group VII, given
information about the elements
Group 17: Halogens
• 7 valence
electrons
• Very
reactive
• Nonmetals
∙ Core 1 Describe the Group VIII noble gases as unreactive, monatomic gases
and explain this in terms of electronic configuration
Group 18: Noble Gases
 8 valence
electrons (except
He which only
has 2)
 “Happy” because
their outer
electron shell is
filled!
 NON
REACTIVE
(inert)
gases
 Nonmetals