Hypersensitivity

IMMUNOLOGY
& SEROLOGY
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY – MANILA
COLLEGE OF ALLIED HEALTH
3rd YEAR BSMT - MED 21R
GROUP 2
LUMOR, ANGELO
GARCIA, MARIA MYCHAELA
AUSTRIA, NATANIA JASMINE ANGELA
SANTOS, GWYNETH VIANA, FRANCESCA JORELLA
BAISAS, JANYN KAYLA SANTOS, NICOLE ASHBEL
SOHAL, MUSKAN MARTIN, MICAELA
REYES, MACHELLE ANN ROTAIRO, CHARLIZE ELISABETH
MENDOZA, MARCUS DAVE
DE LOS REYES, JOHN CARLO

HYPERSENSITIVITY
Hypersensitivity reactions (HR) This exaggerated response is
triggered by the interaction of the immune system with an antigen
(allergen) and is referred to as hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity
reactions are classified into four types by Coombs and Gell. The
first three types are considered immediate hypersensitivity
reactions because they occur within 24 hours. The fourth type is
considered a delayed hypersensitivity reaction because it usually
occurs more than 12 hours after exposure to the allergen, with a
maximal reaction time between 48 and 72 hours.
Four Types of Hypersensitivity
Type I or Anaphylactic Response : reaction mediated by IgE

antibodies
Type II or Cytotoxic-Mediated Response : reaction mediated by

IgG or IgM antibodies
Type III or Immunocomplex Reactions : reaction mediated by immune

complexes IgM and IgG
antibodies
Type IV or Cell-mediated Reaction : reaction is mediated by T cells

Hypersensitivity
Type I
Type I Anaphylactic Reactions Etiology
Type I hypersensitivity reactions can Atopic allergies are mostly naturally
range from life-threatening occurring, and the source of antigenic
anaphylactic reactions to milder exposure is not always known. Atopic
illnesses were among the frst antibody-
manifestations associated with food
associated diseases demonstrating a
allergies. strong familial or genetic tendency
Immunologic Activity Immediate hypersensitivity is the basis of acute

Mast cells (tissue basophils) are the cellular allergic reactions caused by molecules released by
receptors for IgE, which attaches to their outer mast cells when an allergen interacts with
surface. These cells are common in connective membrane-bound IgE (Fig. 25.1). Acute allergic
tissues, lungs, and uterus and around blood reactions result from the release of preformed
vessels. They are also abundant in the liver, granule-associated mediators, membrane-derived
kidney, spleen, heart, and other organs. The lipids, cytokines, and chemokines when an allergen
granules contain a complex of heparin, histamine, interacts with IgE that is bound to mast cells or
and zinc ions, with heparin in a ratio of basophils by the alpha chain of the high-afnity IgE
approximately 6:1 with histamine. receptor (FcεRI-α).
1. Attaches to the IgE antibody fxed
Anaphylaxis is the clinical response to the surface membrane of mast cells
to immunologic formation and and basophils. Cross-linking of two
fixation between a specifc antigen IgE molecules is necessary to initiate
and a tissue-fixing antibody mediator release from mast cells.
3. The efects of mediator release

2. Activated mast cells and basophils produce vascular changes and
release various mediators activation of platelets, eosinophils,
neutrophils, and the coagulation
cascade.
Anaphylactoid reactions are not mediated by antigen–
antibody interaction; instead, ofending substances act directly
on the mast cells, causing release of mediators, or on the
tissues, such as anaphylotoxins of the complement. Direct
chemical degranulation of mast cells may be the cause of
anaphylactoid reactions resulting from the infusion of
macromolecules, such as proteins.
Atopic reaction. In a person with atopy, exposure of

the skin, nose, or airway to an allergen produces
allergen-specifc IgG antibodies. In response to the
allergen, the T cells (when tested in vitro) exhibit
moderate proliferation and production of interferon-γ
(IFN-γ) by type 1 helper T (T1) cells . In comparison,
individuals with atopy have an exaggerated response
characterized by the production of allergen-specifc IgE
Physical allergies like heat, cold, ultraviolet light) antibodies and positive reactions to extracts of
cause a physiochemical derangement of common airborne allergens when tested with a skin
proteins or polysaccharides of the skin and prick test. T cells from the blood of atopic patients
transform them into autoantigens responsible respond to allergens in vitro by inducing cytokines
for the allergic reaction. produced by T2 cells
Mechanisms of Tissue
Injury and Disease
of Type I Hypersensitivity
Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency as it can lead to acute, life-threatening respiratory
failure. It is an IgE-mediated process.
Allergic bronchial asthma is an atopic disease, characterized by bronchospasm. It may

also be a chronic inflammatory disease.
Allergic rhinitis is another atopic disease where histamine and leukotrienes are
responsible for rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal obstruction.
Allergic conjunctivitis presents with rhinitis and is IgE-mediated. Itching and eye
problems including watering, redness, and swelling always occur.
Food allergy (IgE-mediated) from food intolerance that can be a cause for a variety of
etiologies including malabsorption and celiac disease.
Atopic eczema is an IgE-mediated disease that affects the skin and has an
immunopathogenesis very similar to that of allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis, which are
present in more than half of these patients.
Drugs allergy reactions by any mechanism of hypersensitivity. For example, penicillin may
cause anaphylaxis, which is IgE-mediated but most responses are trivial.

Hypersensitivity

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IMMUNOLOGY

SANTOS, GWYNETH VIANA, FRANCESCA JORELLA

BAISAS, JANYN KAYLA SANTOS, NICOLE ASHBEL

SOHAL, MUSKAN MARTIN, MICAELA

REYES, MACHELLE ANN ROTAIRO, CHARLIZE ELISABETH

MENDOZA, MARCUS DAVE

DE LOS REYES, JOHN CARLO

Type I or Anaphylactic Response : reaction mediated by IgE

Type II or Cytotoxic-Mediated Response : reaction mediated by

Type III or Immunocomplex Reactions : reaction mediated by immune

Type IV or Cell-mediated Reaction : reaction is mediated by T cells

Immunologic Activity Immediate hypersensitivity is the basis of acute

3. The efects of mediator release

Atopic reaction. In a person with atopy, exposure of

Allergic bronchial asthma is an atopic disease, characterized by bronchospasm. It may

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