Lec 04

Lecture No.
4
Number Systems
32-bit f.p. number (recap)
 32-bit Floating point format

 Sign bit 1
 Exponent bits 8
 Mantissa bits 23
 Exponent represented as Biased 127
Range of f.p. numbers (recap)
 Largest positive/negative number

 2127
 Smallest positive/negative number

 2-126
 The number Zero

 Exponent = 00000000 Mantissa = 000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000
 The number infinite
 Exponent = 11111111 Mantissa = 000 0000
0000 0000 0000 0000
Arithmetic operations on floating point numbers
 Addition
 Adding mantissas after adjusting exponents
 Subtraction
 Subtracting mantissas after adjusting
exponents
 Multiplication
 Multiplying mantissas and adding exponents
 Division
 Dividing mantissas and subtracting exponents
64-bit f.p. number (recap)
 64-bit Double-Precision floating Point format

 Sign bit 1
 Exponent bits 11
 Mantissa bits 52
 Exponent represented as Biased 1023
f.p. numbers (recap)
 How do systems differentiate between number

representations?
 Defining and Declaring Data Types.
Hexadecimal Numbers (recap)
 Hexadecimal Number System

 Base 16 number system
 0 to F
 Used to represent large binary numbers

Counting in Hexadecimal (recap)
Decimal Binary Hexadecimal Decimal Binary Hexadecimal
0 0000 0 8 1000 8
1 0001 1 9 1001 9
2 0010 2 10 1010 A
3 0011 3 11 1011 B
4 0100 4 12 1100 C
5 0101 5 13 1101 D
6 0110 6 14 1110 E
7 0111 7 15 1111 F
Binary-Hexadecimal conversion (recap)
 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

 11010110101110010110
 1101 0110 1011 1001 0110
 D 6 B 9 6
 Hexadecimal to Binary Conversion
 FD13
 1111 1101 0001 0011

Hexadecimal-decimal conversion (recap)
 Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion

 Indirect Method
 Hexadecimal →Binary → Decimal
 Sum-of-Weights
Decimal-Hexadecimal Conversion (recap)
 Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

 Indirect Method
 Decimal →Binary → Hexadecimal
 Repeated Division by 16
Hexadecimal Arithmetic (recap)
 Hexadecimal Addition
 Carry generated
 Hexadecimal Subtraction
 Borrow weight 16
Octal Number System
 Base 8
 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
 Representing Binary in compact form
 1101100000110 = 15406
2 8
 Not commonly used in the presence of

Hexadecimal Number System
Counting in Octal
 Octal digit represented by a 3-bit binary

 Decimal 8 represented by 2-digit Octal
Counting in Octal
Decimal Binary Octal

0 000 0
1 001 1
2 010 2
3 011 3
4 100 4
5 101 5
6 110 6
7 111 7
Counting in Octal
Decimal Octal Decimal Octal Decimal Octal

8 10 16 20 24 30
9 11 17 21 25 31
10 12 18 22 26 32
11 13 19 23 27 33
12 14 20 24 28 34
13 15 21 25 29 35
14 16 22 26 30 36
15 17 23 27 31 37
Binary-Octal Conversion
 Binary to Octal Conversion

 Octal to Binary Conversion
Octal-Decimal Conversion
 Octal to Decimal Conversion

 Indirect Method
 Octal →Binary → Decimal
 Sum-of-Weights
Decimal-Octal Conversion
 Decimal to Octal Conversion

 Indirect Method
 Decimal →Binary → Octal
 Repeated Division by 8
Octal Addition & Subtraction
 Octal Addition
 Carry generated
 Octal Subtraction
 Borrow weight 8
Binary to Octal Conversion
 011010110101110010110
 011 010 110 101 110 010 110
 3 2 6 5 6 2 6
 1011011101001
 1 011 011 101 001
 001 011 011 101 001
 1 3 3 5 1
Octal to Binary Conversion
 1726
 001 111 010 110
Sum-of-Weights
4037
(4 x 83) + (0 x 82) + (3 x 81) + (7 x 80)
(4 x 512) + (0 x 64) + (3 x 8) + (7 x 1)
2048 + 0 + 24 + 7
2079
Repeated Division by 8
Number Quotient Remainder

2079 259 7 (O0)
259 32 3 (O1)
8 4 0 (O2)
4 0 4 (O3)
Octal Addition
Carry 1
7602
+ 4771
14573
Octal Subtraction
Borrow 11
7602
- 4771
2611
Alternate Representations
 Excess Code
 BCD Code
 Gray Code
Excess Code
 A bias is added to Binary Code

 Used by floating point numbers
Excess-8 Code
Decimal 2’s Excess-8 Decimal 2’s Excess-8

Comp. Comp.
0 0000 1000 -8 1000 0000
1 0001 1001 -7 1001 0001
2 0010 1010 -6 1010 0010
3 0011 1011 -5 1011 0011
4 0100 1100 -4 1100 0100
5 0101 1101 -3 1101 0101
6 0110 1110 -2 1110 0110
7 0111 1111 -1 1111 0111
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Code
 Binary Code to represent decimal digits 0-9

 Used by Decimal Number Displays
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) Code
Decimal BCD Decimal BCD

0 0000 5 0101
1 0001 6 0110
2 0010 7 0111
3 0011 8 1000
4 0100 9 1001
BCD Addition
23 0010 0011
45 0100 0101
68 0110 1000
23 0010 0011
49 0100 1001
72 0110 1100
 1100 is illegal BCD number
BCD Addition
 Add a 0110 (6) to an invalid BCD number

 Carry added to the most significant BCD digit
23 0010 0011
49 0100 1001
72 0110 1100
0110
0111 0010
Gray Code
 Binary Code more than 1 bit change

 Electromechanical applications of digital
systems restrict bit change to 1
 Shaft encoders
 Braking Systems
 Un-Weighted Code
Gray Code
Decimal Gray Binary

0 000 000
1 001 001
2 011 010
3 010 011
4 110 100
5 111 101
6 101 110
7 100 111
Gray Code Application
A A
B B
C C
Binary Gray Code

Alphanumeric Code
 Numbers, Characters, Symbols

 ASCII 7-bit Code
 American Standard Code for Information
Interchange
 10 Numbers (0-9)
 26 Lower Case Characters (a-z)
 26 Upper Case Characters (A-Z)
 32 Control Characters
 Punctuation and Symbols
Alphanumeric Code
 Extended ASCII 8-bit Code

 Additional 128 Graphic characters
 Unicode 16-bit Code
ASCII Code
 Numbers 0 to 9
 ASCII 0110000 (30h) to 0111001 (39h)
 Alphabets a to z
 ASCII 1100001 (61h) to 1111010 (7Ah)
 Alphabets A to Z
 ASCII 1000001 (41h) to 1011010 (5Ah)
 Control Characters
 ASCII 0000000 (0h) to 0011111 (1Fh)
Error Detection
 Digital Systems are very Reliable

 Errors during storage or transmission
 Parity Bit
 Even Parity
 Odd Parity
Odd Parity Error Detection
 Original data 10011010

 With Odd Parity 110011010
 1-bit error 110111010
 Number of 1s even indicates 1-bit error
 2-bit error 110110010
 Number of 1s odd no error indicated
 3-bit error 100110010
 Number of 1s even indicates error

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Lecture No.

 32-bit Floating point format

 Largest positive/negative number

 Smallest positive/negative number

 The number Zero

 64-bit Double-Precision floating Point format

 How do systems differentiate between number

 Hexadecimal Number System

 Used to represent large binary numbers

Decimal Binary Hexadecimal Decimal Binary Hexadecimal

 Binary to Hexadecimal Conversion

 1101 0110 1011 1001 0110

 1111 1101 0001 0011

 Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion

 Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversion

 Not commonly used in the presence of

 Octal digit represented by a 3-bit binary

Decimal Binary Octal

Decimal Octal Decimal Octal Decimal Octal

 Binary to Octal Conversion

 Octal to Decimal Conversion

 Decimal to Octal Conversion

Number Quotient Remainder

 A bias is added to Binary Code

Decimal 2’s Excess-8 Decimal 2’s Excess-8

 Binary Code to represent decimal digits 0-9

Decimal BCD Decimal BCD

 Add a 0110 (6) to an invalid BCD number

 Binary Code more than 1 bit change

Decimal Gray Binary

Binary Gray Code

 Numbers, Characters, Symbols

 Extended ASCII 8-bit Code

 Digital Systems are very Reliable

 Original data 10011010

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