‫بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم‬

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST GRACIOUS THE MOST

MERCIFUL
HUMAN DENTITION
DENTAL ANATOMY

Dr Magdy Alabasiry, BDS, MS (Egypt), Ph.D. (Egypt)

 INTRODUCTION
:Dental Anatomy Includes

.The Surface Form Of The Oral Cavity -1

The External Morphology And Internal -2

.Composition Of The Individual Teeth

The Relationship Of The Teeth To Each Other And -3

.To The Skull Bone
 The External Morphology And -2
Internal Composition Of The
.Individual Teeth
.The Dentitions
.)macroanatomy( Tooth Anatomy
.)microanatomy(Tooth Anatomy
.Anatomy Of The Pulp Cavity
.Junctions Of Tooth Tissues
.The Periodontium
.Functions Of Teeth
.Tooth Surfaces
.Line And Point Angles
.Division Into Thirds
.Tooth Identification System
.Anatomical Landmarks Of The Crown
.Other Terms
 The Dentitions
Humans have two dentitions
1-The primary dentition: (deciduous )

.teeth. 10 maxillary and 10 mandibular 20

.teeth are present in each quadrant 5
.incisors 2
.canine 1
.and 2 molars

:The dental formula is

2 1 2
I ­--- C ---- M ---- = 10
2 1 2
 The Dentitions
2-The permanent dentition:
(secondary, adult or
succedaneous )
32 teeth, 16 maxillary and
16 mandibular.
8 teeth in each quadrant are
Present.
2 incisors.
1 canine.
2 premolars.
and 3 molars.
The dental formula is :
2 1 2 3
I ---- C ---- PM --- M ---- = 16
2 1 2 3
The permanent molars are not
preceeded with deciduous teeth
so they may be termed as non-
succedaneous teeth.
teeth
 The Dentitions
SUMMERY

Humans have two dentitions

1-The primary dentition: (deciduous )

.teeth. 10 maxillary and 10 mandibular 20

.teeth are present in each quadrant 5
.incisors, 1 canine and 2 molars 2
:The dental formula is
2 1 2
I ­--- C ---- M ---- = 10
2 1 2
2-The permanent dentition: (secondary, adult or succedaneous )
,teeth, 16 maxillary and 16 mandibular 32
,teeth in each quadrant are present 8
.incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars and 3 molars 2
: The dental formula is
2 1 2 3
I ---- C ---- PM --- M ---- = 16
2 1 2 3
The permanent molars are not preceeded with deciduous
teeth so they may be termed as non-succedaneous teeth.
teeth
 Deciduous Mixed

Primary dentition Mixed dentition 6

6m-6y y -12 y

Shedding :It is the

Shedding: It is the
physiological loss
physiological loss
of the deciduous
of the deciduous
teeth and their Permanent
teeth and their
subsequent
subsequent
replacement by
replacement by
.permanent teeth
.permanent teeth

Permanent dentition 12 y and up

 X – Ray
Showing

1- Primary dentition 2- Mixed dentition

6m-6y 6 y - 12 y

3- Permanent dentition 12 y and up

 Tooth Anatomy
Macro-anatomy of the tooth -1

Each tooth has three

:anatomical parts Enamel

I.Crown
Cementum
II.The Neck: cervical line or
.cemento-enamel junction (CEJ)

II.Root (s)
 Anatomical And Clinical Crown And Root

Clinical Anatomical
Crown Crown
Portion of anatomical crown that
It is the portion of the tooth
is visible in the oral cavity
that covered by enamel

Clinical
Root Anatomical
Part of a tooth not exposed Root
to the oral cavity
It is the portion of the tooth
that covered by cementum
Anatomical And Clinical Crown And Root

Gingival Recession Gingival Recession

Anatomical crown Clinical

Crown

Part of the Anatomical root

Anatomical And Clinical Crown And Root
.C.C

CROWN
.A.C

ROOT
.C.R

.A.R

Newly Erupted Teeth

CROWN
.A.C

C.C

ROOT
.A.R

.C.R

Gingival Recession
 Teeth May Be Divided According To The
Number Of Roots

Single rooted teeth

The undivided
portion of the
:root is called Multirooted teeth
.Root Trunk
 Tooth Anatomy
Micro-anatomy of the tooth -2
-Three calcified tissues:
Enamel
Dentin
Cementum
+ One soft specialized
connective tissue:
Pulp.
Cementum

Periodontal
Ligament
 SUMMARY

Enamel: Coveres, Most Mineralized, Yellowish White.

Cementum: Covers, Medium For The Attachment,

Dull Yellow, Thickness.

Dentin: Surrounds The Pulp Cavities, Underlying The

Enamel And The Cementum, Yellow.

Pulp: Housed In The Pulp Cavity, Soft Tissue,

Supply.
 Anatomy Of The Pulp Cavity
Consists Of Two Parts

1 - Pulp chamber Pulp

+ pulp horns Horn

2 - Root canal
+ apical foramen
+ accessory canals

Note: Many roots may be

formed with more than
one canal, which may end
.in a common foramen
 Junctions Of Tooth Tissues
There Are Three Sites Of Junction Enamel

Cemento-enamel junction -1 DEJ

:(CEJ) CEJ
Dentin

Dentino-enamel junction -2 Pulp

:(DEJ)

Dentino-cemental junction -3
:(DCJ) DCJ
Cementum
 The Periodontium
Is The Investing And Supporting
.Attachment System Of Teeth
:It consists of

Two Soft Tissues Two Hard Tissues

Gingiva -1 Cementum -1
The Oral Mucous
Covers The Anatomical
Membrane, Which Covers
Root Of The Tooth
The Neck Of The Tooth
And Part Of
The Alveolar Bone

Periodontal Ligament -2 Alveolar Bone -2

Strong Ligament that Attaches The Bone Of The Jaw That
The Tooth To The Alveolar Bone Surrounds The Root Of The
Tooth
 The Periodontium
Gingiva
Is The Investing And Supporting
Cementum
.Attachment System Of Teeth

Gingiva
Alveolar
bone
Periodontal
ligament
Cementum
Alveolar
bone Periodontal
ligament
 Functions Of Teeth
1- Mastication: It is the most important function of the
teeth. The teeth are designed to perform this function.

Incisors Canine Premolars Molars

Chisel like Wedge like At least two Multiple projections

Cutting or Cutting and projections )cusps(
incising tearing .)cusps( Grinding
Tearing and
grinding
2- Appearance:
- Well arranged clean teeth
with proper alignment give
nice appearance to the face.
– Teeth give support to the
facial expressions.

3- Speech: Teeth are

important for clear pronunciation
and for production of sound.

:Growth of jaws -4
The teeth play a role in the growth of the jaws in some
.periods of life
 Tooth Surfaces
.Each Tooth Has Five Surfaces Like A Box With 4 Sides And A Roof
 The Surfaces Are Identified By The Relationship To
Other Orofacial Structures
M M
Proximal
MIDLINE
D D Anterior
surfaces teeth
for all the
Distal surface
teeth

Mandibular
Maxillary teeth
PALATE
teeth

TONGUE
Posterior
teeth
CHEEK
(buccal)

Posterior teeth
LIP Anterior teeth
LABIAL OR BUCCAL
TOWARDS TOWARDS
THE LIP THE CHEEK

FOR FOR
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR
TEETH TEETH
 PALATAL OR LINGUAL
TOWARDS TOWARDS
THE PALAT THE TONGUE
FOR MAXILLARY FOR MANDIBULAR
TEETH TEETH
 &
TOWARDS THE MIDLINE AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE

FOR ALL THE

Mesial TEETH Distal
 INCISAL OR OCCLUSAL

FOR ANTERIOR TEETH

FOR POSTERIOR TEETH

 MIDLINE

M M
D D

M = MESIAL SURFACES
D = DISTAL SURFACES
So The Tooth Surfaces Are:
.Facial
Lingual.
Mesial. Distal.
.Masticatory Distal surface
 Line And Point Angles

Line
Point
angle
angle
 Line And Point Angles

:Line angle
It is formed by the junction
of two surfaces
and its name is derived
from both surfaces
:Point angle
It is formed by the junction
of three surfaces
and its name is derived
.from these surfaces
Incisal
Edge

Line And Point Angles Of The

Anterior Teeth
Line And Point Angles Of The
Posterior Teeth
 :Note
Incisal ridge

Note: The anterior teeth have fewer line angles because the meeting
of the mesial and distal line surfaces with incisal ridge are
rounded , so the mesio-incisal and disto-incisal line angles are
. .practically not exist
 Division Into Thirds

For descriptive purposes ( to locate the

:anatomical landmarks )
Crown surfaces could be divided -
horizontally or vertically into three
,portions or thirds
- The root could be divided into thirds
horizontally, while vertically into halves
by the root axis line { labial (buccal) &
lingual and/or mesial & distal }.
 Middle
Mesial

Lingual
Middle
Labial
Distal
Incisal

Middle

Cervical

Cervical Cervical

Mesial half Labial half

Middle Distal half Lingual half Middle

Apical
Apical
 Tooth Identification System
1) Palmer Notation System:
.It represents the four quadrants of the dentition as if you facing the patient
In upper right In upper left
In lower right In lower left

The permanent teeth are numbered from 1-8 on each side from the midline.
Upper right Upper left
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Lower right Lower left

.The deciduous teeth are lettered from A-E on each side from the midline

Upper right Upper left

E D C B A A B C D E
E D C B A A B C D E
Lower right Lower left
This system utilizes simple brackets
to represent the 4 quadrants of the
.dentition as if you facing the patient
The international numbering system (the two digit system) -2
The teeth are designed by using two-digit systems:
a. The first digit of the code is located at the left side of the number and indicates
the quadrant.

In the permanent dentition. In the deciduous dentition.

U.R. 1 2 U.L. U.R. 5 6 U.L

L.R. 4 3 L. L. L.R. 8 7 L.L.

b- The second digit is located at the right side of the number and indicates the number of
the tooth in the quadrant.

The two digits should be pronounced separately.

Permanent teeth
18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Deciduous teeth
55 54 53 52 51 61 62 63 64 65

85 84 83 82 81 71 72 73 74 75
 3)The universal numbering system (American numbering
system):.
The number is always preceded by the sign # to designate that the
.system is used for universal system

Permanent teeth (1 – 32)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17

Deciduous teeth (1 – 20)

Litter d is added as a
suffix to each number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
e.g. #10d for deciduous
upper left 2nd molar
20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11

Deciduous teeth (A - T)
Another system
(A ----------J A B C D E F G H I J
T ----------K)
 ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS OF THE CROWN

CROWN ELEVATIONS CROWN DEPRESSIONS

-Mamelones
1. Lob -Cingulum Development. Grooves .1
-Cusps
2.Tubercle Supplement. Grooves.2

3. Ridges Fissure .3
-Lingual
.Mesial triang-
Facial surf. .Ling. surf Occl. surf. 4. Fossa
-Distal triang.
-Central
-Labial R. .Incisal R- -Marginal R. Pits .5
-Buccal R. .Cusp R- -Triangular R.
-Cervical R. .Lingual R- -Transverse R. Sulcus .6
.Marginal R- -Oblique R.
)incisors & canines(
Anatomical Landmarks Of The Crown
A - Crown Elevations
.Lobe )I(
It is one of the primary centers of calcification and growth formed
during the crown development. Each tooth begins to develop
from four lobes or more.
The pulp chamber has pulp horns corresponding to these lobes.

Only some maxillary third

PULPmolars
have
THEasMATURE
few as 3 lobes.
FORMS
HORNPeg-
OF
shaped maxillary
:LOBES lateral
AREincisors
and some supernumerary teeth
have less than three lobes
Mamelones .1
Cingulum.2
3.Cusps
 1. Mamelones:
They are three small round projections of enamel present
in the incisal third of newly erupted incisors.
After normal use, eventually the mamelones wear down
into a flat edge(attrition).

The pulp chamber has 3 pulp horns

corresponding to these 3 mamelones
 :Cingulum.2
It is the enlargement or bulge on the cervical third of
lingual surface of the crown in anterior teeth (incisors and
canines). It is also called the lingo-cervical ridge
 3.Cusps:
They are pyramidal projections on the incisal
portion of the canine and on the occlusal surfaces
.of the premolars and molars teeth
 (II) Tubercle.
• It is a small elevation. It is produced by excessive formation of
enamel.
• Tubercle is noticed at the palatal surface of E & 6 and
sometimes at the lingual surface of incisors over the cingulum.
• Tubercle differs from cusp as it is formed of enamel only while
cusp is formed of pulp horn covered by dentin and enamel.

B ENAMEL

DENTIN
D
M

PULP
HORN

P
Tubercle Cusp
 (III) Ridge.
.It is a linear elevation on the different surfaces of the crown

:A- Ridges on the facial surface (Labial and Buccal)

:Labial Ridge Buccal Ridge: Cervical Ridge:
Found on the labial Usually found on the It is found on the
surfaces of buccal surfaces of the cervical one third of
.canines .premolars the facial surfaces of
.all the teeth
It is the result It is the result
of greater of greater
development development
of middle labial of middle
.lobe buccal lobe.

Well developed in the

(D) followed by (E).
 B- Ridges on the lingual surface:
:Incisal Ridge.1 :Cusp Ridge.2
Cusp Slopes Or Cusp Arms

:Lingual Ridge.3

4.Marginal Ridge:

IR

NOTE: Usually distal cusp slope is

longer than mesial cusp slope in all
teeth except C and 4 where the mesial
cusp slope is longer than the distal
:C- Ridges on the occlusal surface of posterior teeth

1
Marginal Ridges.1
)mesial and distal(
2

2.Triangular Ridges:
(descend from cusp tip to the
center of the occlusal surface)

All posterior tooth cusps have

a triangular ridge, except the
mesiolingual cusp on
1
maxillary molars which has
two triangular ridges 2
 .Triangular R
Cusp Ridges
MBC
DBC
Cusp Tip

DMR MMR

DLC MLC
 3.Transverse Ridge
(Made up of a combination of
2 triangular ridges of 2 opposing cusps)

:Oblique Ridge.4
(E67 may be D, 8)
Combination of 2 triangular
ridges of 2 nonopposing
cusps

Remember that all teeth

either anterior or posterior
have cervical ridge and two
marginal ridges (mesial and
.distal one)
 ANATOMICAL LANDMARKS OF THE CROWN

CROWN ELEVATIONS CROWN DEPRESSIONS

-Mamelones
1. Lob -Cingulum Development. Grooves .1
-Cusps
2.Tubercle Supplement. Grooves.2

3. Ridges Fissure .3
-Lingual
.Mesial triang-
Facial surf. .Ling. surf Occl. surf. 4. Fossa
-Distal triang.
-Central
-Labial R. .Incisal R- -Marginal R. Pits .5
-Buccal R. .Cusp R- -Triangular R.
-Cervical R. .Lingual R- -Transverse R. Sulcus .6
.Marginal R- -Oblique R.
)incisors & canines(
 :B- Crown Depression
I- LINER DEPRESSIONS
:DEVELOPMENTAL GROOVE -1
It is narrow,shallow and sharply
defined linear depression,short or
long, denoting union of primary
lobes.
Are named according to their
location.
Found in occlusal surfaces and
may extend to B. and L. surfaces
of posterior teeth.
 :SUPPLEMENTAL GROOVES -2
They are small,
small
irregularly placed auxiliary grooves.
Branches from developmental grooves.
Found usually on occlusal surfaces.
They do not denote union of primary lobes.
The third molars followed by second
permanent molars are characterized by
high number of supplemental grooves.

_ 6
6

_ 7
7

8
_
8
:FISSURE -3

.It is found in the bottom of developmental groove

Results from incomplete union of the primary lobes.
It is a fault in enamel.

Cusp tip Cusp tip

Developmental
groove Enamel
Dentin
Fissure Caries begins in
a deep fissure
:SULCUS

It is a broad depression or valley on the occlusal

.surfaces of posterior teeth
Its inclines meet in a developmental groove and extend
to the cusp tips.
II- CIRCUMSCRIBED DEPRESSIONS
1- FOSSA:
It is a small depression or concavity.
Found in both anterior and posterior teeth.
Its name is derived from its place:

CF
a- LINGUAL FOSSA:
Found on the lingual surfaces
of anterior teeth.

LF
b- MESIAL AND DISTAL TRIANGULAR FOSSA:
Found on the occlusal surfaces of posterior
teeth mesial and distal to the marginal ridges.

DTF MTF
DMR MMR
c- CENTRAL FOSSA:
Found on occlusal surfaces of molars.
They are formed by the converging of ridges
terminating at a central point where there is the
junction of grooves.

CF

CP
2- PITS:
c.p
a- TRUE PITS:
.
These are small pinpoint depression.
depression
present at the junction / or at the
ends
of the developmental grooves. d.p
.
They may be found at the bottom
of the central fossa (central pit)
or at the bottom of the mesial and
m.p
distal triangular fossae
.
(mesial and distal pits).
b- FAULTY PIT
Usually develops as a result
of incomplete formation of enamel.
It is located at the end of the buccal
developmental grooves of the lower
molars or palatal developmental grooves .p.p .b.p
of the upper molars.
 OTHER TERMS
:SELF CLEANSING SURFACES

Facial

Lingual

Those surfaces of the teeth that

are cleaned by the normal
functional action of the
tongue, lips, cheeks and
.lubricated by mouth fluids
Incisal
Occlusal
:SOCKET It is the bony space in the alveolar bone
containing the roots of erupted tooth.

It is the bony space in the alveolar bone

:CRYPT
containing the developing unerupted tooth.
:CALCIFICATION
The organic framework of a tooth becomes hard by depossition of
calcium and phosphorous salts brought in by small blood
vessels.
Organic Hard
Framework Tissues
THANK YOU
ANY QUESTION ?