2 ATP ADP Cycle SC

ADP-ATP Cycle
One must have a

constant supply of
energy to be able to
perform tasks daily.
2
The energy that we
use to execute tasks
sometimes gets
exhausted that we
need to replenish it
constantly for cells to
keep functioning.
3
To regain energy in the form of ATP, we consume healthful
and nutritious food, which can be oxidized to release
energy.
Having a constant supply of energy makes our cells function

at optimum for maintenance and survival.
4
How do cells regenerate the
energy that they constantly
need?
5
How is ATP used to drive various
cellular processes?
6
Structure of ATP and ADP
Structure of ATP
The adenosine triphosphate is composed of nitrogenous base

adenine, five-carbon sugar ribose, and three phosphate groups.
7
Structure of ATP and ADP
Structure of ADP
ADP has almost the same molecular components as ATP, but ADP
has only two phosphate groups instead of three.
8
Functions of ATP
What are the roles of ATP?
The triphosphate tail of ATP is the portion that provides

energy for cellular work.
● Each is negatively charged.

● Repel each other
● Breaking the bonds releases energy.
9
Functions of ATP
What are the roles of ATP?
● ATP energizes other molecules in cells by transferring

phosphate groups to those molecules.
● ATP is also responsible for mechanical, transport and

chemical functions.
10
How does an endergonic
reaction happen in relation to
the use of ATP?
11
Mechanism of ADP-ATP Cycle
The ADP-ATP cycle is

an alternation
between endergonic
and exergonic
reactions.
12
The energy from

processes that
release energy
(exergonic process) is
transferred to
processes that
consume energy
(endergonic process).
13
Combining ADP and

a phosphate group
requires energy.
14
Similarly, recharging
a used battery to
replenish the utilized
electrical potential
requires energy.
15
The process of
hydrolysis releases
energy to drive
various biological
processes.
16
Similarly, a battery is
drained when it is
used in flashlights
and other electrical
devices to perform
work.
17
How does reaction coupling
lower the energy cost of cellular
processes?
18
Energetics of Coupled Reactions
Energetics of coupled reactions involving sucrose synthesis
Free Energy involved

Nature Reaction
(ΔG)
Endergonic glucose + fructose ↔️ sucrose +27 kJ/mol
Because of the endergonic nature of sucrose

synthesis, the energy requirement is represented
by a positive Gibbs free energy (i.e., +27 kJ/mol).
19

Nature Reaction
(ΔG)
Exergonic ATP + H2O ↔️ADP + Pi −30 kJ/mol
ATP hydrolysis is exergonic. Thus, the Gibbs free

energy will be negative (i.e., −30 kJ/mol).
20

Nature Reaction
(ΔG)
glucose + fructose ↔️sucrose

Combined −3 kJ/mol
ADP + Pi
By coupling these two reactions, the energy

released from the conversion of ATP to ADP is
channeled into an energy-demanding reaction.
21
Reaction coupling is
similar to living with
an investment to
earn passive income.
22
You are more

confident to spend
(endergonic) for an
online purchase (e.g.,
new phone or
laptop) because you
are likewise earning
money (exergonic).
23
● Adenosine triphosphate is a nucleotide with
three phosphate groups. It is particularly
composed of nitrogen-containing base
adenine, five-carbon sugar ribose and three
phosphate groups. High-energy bonds link these
phosphate groups together.
24
● The transfer of a phosphate group to a molecular
is called phosphorylation. This is essential in
energizing ADP to synthesize ATP or another
molecular intermediate.
● ADP has almost the same structural components

as the ATP, but ADP has only two phosphate
groups instead of three.
25
● The triphosphate tail is the portion of ATP that
provides energy for cellular work. Each of these
phosphate groups is negatively charged, which
makes them repel each other. The crowding of
negative charges in the triphosphate tail
contributes to the potential energy of ATP.
26
● ATP carries energy between exergonic reactions
and endergonic reactions. Adenosine
triphosphate is unstable and has high potential
energy. ATP hydrolysis releases previously stored
energy, which allows the change in free energy to
perform various cellular processes.
27
The chemical composition and functions of adenosine triphosphate
28
What happens to ATP when it
transfers a phosphate group to
another substance?
29

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ADP-ATP Cycle

One must have a

Having a constant supply of energy makes our cells function

The adenosine triphosphate is composed of nitrogenous base

What are the roles of ATP?

The triphosphate tail of ATP is the portion that provides

● Each is negatively charged.

What are the roles of ATP?

● ATP energizes other molecules in cells by transferring

● ATP is also responsible for mechanical, transport and

The ADP-ATP cycle is

The energy from

Combining ADP and

Energetics of coupled reactions involving sucrose synthesis

Free Energy involved

Endergonic glucose + fructose ↔️ sucrose +27 kJ/mol

Because of the endergonic nature of sucrose

Energetics of coupled reactions involving sucrose synthesis

Free Energy involved

Exergonic ATP + H2O ↔️ADP + Pi −30 kJ/mol

ATP hydrolysis is exergonic. Thus, the Gibbs free

Energetics of coupled reactions involving sucrose synthesis

Free Energy involved

glucose + fructose ↔️sucrose

By coupling these two reactions, the energy

You are more

● ADP has almost the same structural components

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