This document provides an overview of distributed query optimization techniques. It discusses why query optimization is needed in distributed systems to improve performance, efficiency, cost, scalability and user experience. It describes the distributed query processing architecture involving optimization at the global and local levels. Key techniques discussed for optimal resource utilization in distributed systems include operation shipping, data shipping and hybrid shipping. The document also summarizes distributed query processing, global query optimization, and key optimization techniques like partitioning strategies, replication strategies, caching mechanisms, and load balancing.
This document provides an overview of distributed query optimization techniques. It discusses why query optimization is needed in distributed systems to improve performance, efficiency, cost, scalability and user experience. It describes the distributed query processing architecture involving optimization at the global and local levels. Key techniques discussed for optimal resource utilization in distributed systems include operation shipping, data shipping and hybrid shipping. The document also summarizes distributed query processing, global query optimization, and key optimization techniques like partitioning strategies, replication strategies, caching mechanisms, and load balancing.
This document provides an overview of distributed query optimization techniques. It discusses why query optimization is needed in distributed systems to improve performance, efficiency, cost, scalability and user experience. It describes the distributed query processing architecture involving optimization at the global and local levels. Key techniques discussed for optimal resource utilization in distributed systems include operation shipping, data shipping and hybrid shipping. The document also summarizes distributed query processing, global query optimization, and key optimization techniques like partitioning strategies, replication strategies, caching mechanisms, and load balancing.
This document provides an overview of distributed query optimization techniques. It discusses why query optimization is needed in distributed systems to improve performance, efficiency, cost, scalability and user experience. It describes the distributed query processing architecture involving optimization at the global and local levels. Key techniques discussed for optimal resource utilization in distributed systems include operation shipping, data shipping and hybrid shipping. The document also summarizes distributed query processing, global query optimization, and key optimization techniques like partitioning strategies, replication strategies, caching mechanisms, and load balancing.
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NSHM KNOWLEDGE CAMPUS, DURGAPUR-
GOI (College Code: 273)
CA1 Assessment
Distributed Query Optimization Techniques
Presented By
Student Name: DEBASIS GARAI
University Roll No.: 27300121013 University Registration 212730100110040(2021-22) No.: Branch: Computer Science Engineering Year: 3rd Semester: 6th
Paper Name: DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
Paper Code: PEC-IT601B TABLE OF CONTENTS
What are distributed systems ?
Why do we need query optimization? Distributed Query Processing Architecture Optimal utilization resources Distributed query processing Key techniques for optimization What are Distributed Systems ?
A distributed system is a collection of independent computers or nodes that work together to provide a unified and coherent set of services. In a distributed system, these nodes are connected and communicate with each other to achieve a common goal or provide a specific functionality. The key characteristics of distributed systems include:
1.Independent Nodes: Nodes in a distributed system are separate entities, each having its own memory, processing power, and possibly its own operating system. 2.Communication: Nodes in a distributed system communicate with each other by passing messages. Communication can occur through various methods, such as direct inter-process communication or through a network. 3.Shared Resources: Distributed systems often share resources such as data, files, or computational capabilities among the nodes. This sharing allows for efficient utilization of resources and collaboration. 4.Concurrency: Distributed systems handle multiple tasks or processes concurrently. Nodes can work independently on different parts of a task, contributing to parallel processing and improved performance. 5.Scalability: Distributed systems can scale horizontally by adding more nodes to the network. This scalability allows them to handle increased workloads and adapt to changing requirements. 6.Fault Tolerance: Distributed systems are designed to be resilient in the face of failures. If one node fails, others can continue to operate, ensuring the system's availability. 7.Consistency: Maintaining data consistency across distributed nodes is a challenge. Distributed systems employ various mechanisms, such as distributed transactions and consensus algorithms, to ensure data consistency. Why do we need to optimize query in case of distributed systems ?
•Performance Enhancement: Optimize queries to reduce latency, improve throughput, and enhance overall system performance. •Resource Efficiency: Ensure efficient utilization of distributed resources, minimizing communication overhead, and conserving bandwidth.
•Cost Reduction: Optimized queries lead to cost savings, particularly in scenarios where data transfer incurs charges. •Scalability Support: Facilitate horizontal scalability by distributing and processing data efficiently across multiple nodes. •Consistency and Reliability: Maintain data consistency across distributed nodes, preserving the integrity of the database.
•Adaptation to Heterogeneity: Handle diverse hardware and software configurations in distributed environments for seamless query execution. •Adherence to SLAs: Meet service level agreements by optimizing queries to achieve agreed-upon standards. •Improved User Experience: Faster response times contribute to an enhanced overall user experience. Distributed Query Processing Architecture :
In a distributed database system, processing a query comprises
of optimization at both the global and the local level. The query enters the database system at the client or controlling site. Here, the user is validated, the query is checked, translated, and optimized at a global level. Distributed query optimization requires evaluation of a large number of query trees each of which produce the required results of a query. This is primarily due to the presence of large amount of replicated and fragmented data. Hence, the target is to find an optimal solution instead of the best solution.
The main issues for distributed query optimization are −
1. Optimal utilization of resources in the distributed system. 2. Query trading. 3. Reduction of solution space of the query. Optimal Utilization of Resources techniques
1. Operation Shipping − In operation shipping, the operation is run at the
site where the data is stored and not at the client site. The results are then transferred to the client site. This is appropriate for operations where the operands are available at the same site. Example: Select and Project operations. 2. Data Shipping − In data shipping, the data fragments are transferred to the database server, where the operations are executed. This is used in operations where the operands are distributed at different sites. This is also appropriate in systems where the communication costs are low, and local processors are much slower than the client server. 3. Hybrid Shipping − This is a combination of data and operation shipping. Here, data fragments are transferred to the high-speed processors, where the operation runs. The results are then sent to the client site. Distributed Query Processing:
1.. Parallel Execution:
1. Utilize parallel processing to enhance query performance in a distributed environment. 2.Data Fragmentation and Replication: 1. Efficiently manage data distribution through fragmentation and replication strategies. 3.Query Routing: 1. Route queries to relevant nodes effectively, optimizing the path for query execution. 4.Global Query Optimization: 1. Tackle challenges of optimizing queries across multiple nodes for a cohesive and efficient approach. Key Techniques for Optimization
1.Partitioning Strategies: 1. Optimize data distribution through horizontal and vertical partitioning techniques. 2.Replication Strategies: 1. Improve availability and performance by strategically implementing data replication methods. 3.Caching Mechanisms: 1. Enhance query response times by implementing efficient caching mechanisms for frequently accessed data. 4.Load Balancing: 1. Ensure even distribution of workload among distributed nodes for optimal resource utilization. THANK YOU
