Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Why ATM?
 To support any type of traffic
 To provide high bandwidth
 To provide bandwidth on demand
 To support multicast
 To provide guaranteed quality of service
 To provide a unified approach in network management
 To provide a uniform architecture
 Small packet size
 Virtual circuits
ATM
 ATM = Data Network + Phone Network
 Destined to replace most existing WAN
technologies
 Improves on performance of Frame Relay
 Based upon 53-byte cells of fixed size
 48 bytes of application information together
with a 5-byte ATM header
 The standard-sized cells allow switching
mechanisms to achieve faster switching rates
 Rates of 155 – 622 Mbps are achieved with
theoretical rates up to 1.2 Gbps
 Compatible with twisted-pair, coax, and fiber
Protocol Architecture
 Also known as cell relay
 Developed by ITU - T
 Similarities between ATM and packet switching
 Transfer of data in discrete chunks
 Multiple logical connections over single physical interface
 In ATM flow on each logical connection is in fixed sized packets
called cells
 Minimal error and flow control
 Reduced overhead
 Data rates (physical layer) 25.6Mbps to 622.08Mbps
Protocol Architecture (diag)
Reference Model Planes
 ATM Layer: defines the transmission of data in fixed size cells and also
defines the use of logical connection.
 AAL: maps the higher layer information into ATM cells to be transported
over an ATM network and then collects information from ATM cells for
delivery to higher layers.
 User plane
 Provides for user information transfer (Ex. Flow and error control)
 Control plane
 Call and connection control function
 Management plane
 Plane management
 It performs management function & provide coordination between
all the plans.
 Layer management
 It performs management function relating to Resources and
parameters in protocol entities
ATM Logical Connections
 Logical connection in ATM are referred to as -Virtual channel
connections (VCC)
VCC:
 Is set up between two end users
 Full duplex, variable rate
 Fixed size cells
 Also used for user-network exchange (control signaling) and
network-network exchange (network management and routing)
 Virtual path connection (VPC)
 Bundle of VCC with same end points – reduce the control cost
by grouping connections sharing common paths through the
network into a single unit.
ATM Connection Relationships
Advantages of Virtual Paths
 Simplified network architecture
 Increased network performance and reliability
 Reduced processing and Short connection setup
time
 Enhanced network services
Call Establishment Using VC&VPs
Virtual Channel Connection
Uses
 Between end users
 End to end user data
 It carry Control signals between end users
 VPC provides overall capacity
 Between end user and network
 Used for user to network Control signaling
 Between network entities
 Network traffic management
 Routing
VP/VC Characteristics
 Quality of service- cell loss ratio, cell delay variation
 Switched and semi-permanent channel
connections- on-demand, long duration
 Call sequence integrity- preserved
 Traffic parameter negotiation and usage
monitoring- average rate, peak rate, burstiness, peak
duration
 VPC only
 Virtual channel identifier restriction within VPC
Control Signaling
In ATM, a mechanism is needed for the
establishment and release of VPCs and VCCs.
The exchange of information involved in this
process is called control signaling.
Control Signaling - VCC
 For VCCs, I.150 specifies four methods for providing an
establishment/release facility.
 Semi-permanent VCC- used for user to user exchange. no control
signaling required.
 Meta-signaling channel
 Used as permanent control signal channel between user and
network
 User to network signaling virtual channel
 Used to set up VCCs to carry user data using meta signaling
channel
 User to user signaling virtual channel
 Within pre-established VPC
 Used by two end users without network intervention to establish
and release user to user VCC
Control Signaling - VPC
 Semi-permanent – no control signal required
 Customer controlled
 Network controlled
ATM Cells
 Fixed size
 5 octet header
 48 octet information field
 Advantage of using small, fixed size cells:
 Small cells reduce queuing delay for high priority
cells
 Small cells can be switched more efficiently
 Easier to implement switching of small cells in
hardware
ATM Cell Format
Header Format
 Generic flow control
 Only at user to network interface
 Controls flow of traffic only at this point
 Alleviate short term overload
 Virtual path identifier
- constitutes a routing field for the network
- 8bits for UNI, 12bits for NNI
 Virtual channel identifier
- used for routing to and from the end user
 Payload type –type of information
 e.g. user info or network management
 Cell loss priority- provide guidance to the network in the event of
congestion
 Header error control – error control
Generic Flow Control (GFC)
 It Control, traffic flow at user to network interface (UNI) to alleviate
short term overload
 Two sets of procedures
 Uncontrolled transmission
 Controlled transmission
 Every connection is identified as either subject to flow control or
not
 Those Subject to flow control
 It May be one group of controlled connection .(group A) default.
 It May be controlled traffic, it may be classified in to two
groups of controlled connections. (A and B)
 Group A – 1-queue
 Group B – 2-queue
Single Group of Connections
 The controlled equipment, called Terminal equipment (TE)
initializes two variables
 TRANSMIT flag initialized to SET (1)
 GO_CNTR- which is credit counter, initialized to 0
The rules for transmission by the controlled device:
 If TRANSMIT=1 cells on uncontrolled connection may be sent any

time
 If TRANSMIT=0 no cells may be sent on controlled or uncontrolled
connections
 If HALT received, TRANSMIT set to 0 and remains until NO_HALT
Header Error Control
 8 bit error control field
 Allows some error correction at the receiver
 As each cell is received, the HEC calculation and comparison is
performed
Effect of
Error in
Cell Header
ATM Service Categories
 Real time
 Constant bit rate (CBR)
 Real time variable bit rate (rt-VBR)
 Non-real time
 Non-real time variable bit rate (nrt-VBR)
 Available bit rate (ABR)
 Unspecified bit rate (UBR)
CBR
 Fixed data rate continuously available during the
connection life time.
 Uncompressed audio and video
 Video conferencing
 Interactive audio( telephony)
 Audio/Vedio distribution (television, distance
learning)
 Audio/Vedio retrieval(audio library)
rt-VBR
 Time sensitive application
 Tightly constrained delay and delay variation
 rt-VBR applications transmit at a rate that varies
with time
 e.g. compressed video
 Produces varying sized image frames
 Original (uncompressed) frame rate constant
 So compressed data rate varies
 Can statistically multiplex connections
nrt-VBR
 May be able to characterize expected traffic flow
 Improve QoS in loss and delay
 End system specifies:
 Peak cell rate
 Sustainable or average cell rate
It can be used for data transfers that have critical
response, time requirements
e.g. Airline reservations, banking transactions,
process monitoring
UBR
 May be additional capacity over and above that
used by CBR and VBR traffic
 Not all resources committed to CBR and VBR
 Bursty nature of VBR means, less than committed
capacity being used
All of this unused capacity could be made available for
UBR service
 For application that can tolerate some cell loss
or variable delays
 Cells forwarded on FIFO basis
 Best efforts service: text/data/image transfer
ABR
 Application specifies peak cell rate (PCR) and
minimum cell rate (MCR) that it requires
 The network allocates resources so that all ABR
applications receive at least their MCR capacity.
 Resources allocated to give at least MCR
 Any unused capacity shared among all ABR
sources
 e.g. LAN interconnection, in this case, the end
systems attached to the ATM network are
routers
GFR
 Designed to support IP backbone sub networks,
Ethernet.
 Provide improve performance than UBR for frame based
traffic
 Goal: is to optimize the handling of frame based traffic
that passes from a LAN through a router onto an ATM
backbone network.
 Ex: Internet service providers
 ABR & GFR difference: elements be aware of frame or
packet boundaries.
 Reservation---guaranteed minimum capacity
ATM Bit Rate Services
ATM Adaptation Layer
 The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) defines the rules for
breaking up a higher level protocol data unit (PDU) into
ATM cells for transmission on the network, and for
reassembling the PDU at the other end
 Segmentation and reassembly (SAR)
 Convergence sub layer(CS)
Adaptation Layer Services
 Handle transmission errors
 Segmentation and re-assembly
 Handle lost and misinserted cells
 Flow control and timing
Supported Application types
 Circuit emulation- send information through ATM
 VBR voice and video
 General data service
 IP over ATM-IP packets over ATM cells
 Multiprotocol encapsulation over ATM (MPOA)
 LAN emulation – LAN to ATM
Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model
2.36
AAL Protocols
ATM Architecture
An AAL is further divided into:
The Convergence Sublayer (CS)

manages the flow of data to and from SAR sublayer.
The Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer

(SAR)
breaks data into cells at the sender and reassembles
cells into larger data units at the receiver.
Networks: ATM 38
AAL Protocols
A block of data from a higher layer is encapsulated into
a PDU at the CS layer is called Common part
convergence sub layer(CPCS)
 Four types- defined by ITU-T

 Type 1
 Type 2
 Type 3/4
 Type 5
Each protocol having two layers----CS and SAR sub layer

Segmentation and Reassembly PDU
CPCS PDUs
AAL Type 1
 CBR source
 SAR packs the bits in to cell for transmission and
unpacks them for reception.
 sequence number: ( 4 bits)
it consists of 1 bit CS Indication(CSI)
3 bit sequence count(SC).
 SNP : error detection and correction on the SN.
it consists of 3bit CRC and parity bit.
No CS-PDU defined for type 1.

AAL Type 2
 VBR
 Analog applications ( audio, video)
 Transfer of timing information between source
and destination
AAL Type 3/4
 Connectionless or connected
 VBR
 Message mode or stream mode
 Message mode service transfers framed data
 Stream mode service supports the transfer of low speed
continuous data with low delay.
AAL 3/4:CPCS-PDU:
Common part Indicator(1 octet): indicate Interpretation of

remaining field in CPCS-PDU header
Beginning Tag ( 1 octet): same value appear in beginning
and end of tag
Buffer Allocation Size( 2 octets): maximum buffer size
required for reassembly
Alignment ( 1 octet): it makes equal length
End Tag ( 1 octet): used with Btag
Length( 2 octet) : CPCS-PDU payload field
AAL ¾ SAR- PDU
Segment type: SSM, BOM,EOM,COM
Sequence Number:
Message Identifier: used to ensure proper reassembly
Length Indication:
CRC:
AAL Type 5
 Reduce protocol processing overhead
 VBR
 Reduce transmission overhead
 Streamlined transport facility
 Ensure adaptability to existing transport protocols
CPCS-PDU:
CPCS user to user indication: used to transfer user to user
information transparently

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

 If TRANSMIT=1 cells on uncontrolled connection may be sent any

The Convergence Sublayer (CS)

The Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer

 Four types- defined by ITU-T

Each protocol having two layers----CS and SAR sub layer

No CS-PDU defined for type 1.

Common part Indicator(1 octet): indicate Interpretation of

You might also like